Download ARTICULATIONS

ARTICULATIONS
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Joints between bones
Hold bones firmly to each other
Permit movement
Classified by degree of movement
(range of motion) and type of
substance between bones
1. SYNARTHROSES
• Immovable
• Bound together by dense, fibrous connective
tissue (ligaments) or bony fusions
• 4 types:
– Sutures (fibrous)
– Gomphoses - tooth root + alveolar processes of mandible
or maxillae (fibrous)
– Synostosis – bony fusion – epiphyseal line, metopic
sutures
– Synchondroses (joint between ribs and sternum;
epiphyseal plate) (hyaline cartilage)
2. AMPHIARTHROSES
• Slight movement
• Cartilaginous
• 2 types:
– Symphysis (located along midline of body)
(fibrocartilage)
– Syndesmoses (radius + ulna; tibia + fibula)
3. DIARTHROSES
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Freely moveable joints
Most mobile and complex
Synovial joints
See drawing
6 kinds:
– Hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle,
ball and socket
A. HINGE JOINTS
• Movement in one plane
• Flexion (decrease angle between 2
bones)
• Extension (increase angle between 2
bones)
• Elbow, knee, ankle, occipital condyles
and atlas, interphalangeal
B. PIVOT JOINTS
• Rotational movement in one plane
• A projection of one bone articulates
with a ring or notch of another bone
• C1 and C2, head of radius and radial
notch of ulna
C. GLIDING JOINTS
• Side to side movements (slight
movement)
• Flat surfaces slide over each other
• Carpals, tarsals, clavicles and
sternum, articular facets of
vertebrae
D. CONDYLOID
• Movement in two planes (biaxial)
• Permits flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, circumduction
• Interphalangeal joints, carpometacarpal joints (wrist)
E. SADDLE
• Carpometacarpal joint at base of
thumb
• One convex face, one concave face
F. BALL AND SOCKET
• Movement in all planes
• Shoulder and hip joints
MOVEMENT AT
DIARTHROTIC JOINTS
• Depends upon shape of articulating
surfaces of bones, position of
ligaments, muscles and tendons
ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
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Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Adduction
CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS
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Rotation
Circumduction
Supination
Pronation
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
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Inversion
Eversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Gliding (simplest; no circular or angular)
HUMEROSCAPULAR JOINT
• Glenoid labrum
• Superior, medial and inferior
glenohumeral ligaments
• Rotator cuff
HIP JOINT
• Less movement than shoulder
• One of strongest
• Ileofemoral, ischiofemoral and
pubofemoral ligaments
KNEE JOINT
• Largest, one of most complex and
most frequently injured
• Medial and lateral menisci
(fibrocartilage pads)
• Anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments
• MCL and LCL
• 13 bursae
• Patellar ligament
VERTEBRAL JOINTS
• Herniated discs
WHAT AM I???
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Osteoarthritis
Bursitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Arthroscopy