Download Leukemia - Liberty Hill High School

Blood Disorders
Erythrocyte Disorders
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
*LOW Hemoglobin  LOW O2  FATIGUE
What differences
do you see?
• Jaundice – Accumulation of bilirubin in
the skin and eyes turning yellow.
Bilirubin: waste product pigment of
hemoglobin breakdown excreted in bile.
• Cyanosis – abnormally high
concentration of deoxyhemoglobin
(RBC’s without O2) causing skin to be
bluish
• Hypoxia – prolonged O2 deficiency.
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
• The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby
can cause problems for the unborn child
a. The 1st pregnancy is okay.
• Mom’s immune system is exposed to Rh+ antigen
during birth.
b. In a 2nd pregnancy, the mom’s immune system
makes antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood
(Hemolytic disease of the newborn or
Erythroblastosis Fetalis).
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia — a condition
in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry
adequate oxygen throughout your body.
Leukocyte Disorders
Leukemia
• Cancer of the white blood cells.
• Too many WBC crowding out RBC’s
• Bone marrow transplant needed.
– Acute Leukemia – symptoms appear suddenly, death can
occur within weeks or months if not treated.
– Chronic Leukemia – slow progression, remain undetected
for years or months, remission possible with chemotherapy
Leukemia and blood cells. A.) Normal blood cells. B.) Blood cells
from a person with granulocytic leukemia, a type of myeloid
leukemia. Note the increased number of leukocytes.
Lymphoid
Leukemia - no
tumors, circulating
cells.
Lymphoma –
tumors formed in
the lymph nodes
Disorders of Hemostasis
• Type I: Thromboembolytic conditions –
undesirable clot formation
– Thrombus: clot that develops in an unbroken
blood vessel
– Embolus: thrombus that breaks away from BV
wall and floats freely in bloodstream
• Either may block circulation to tissues beyond the
occlusion and cause death to those tissues
• Pulmonary embolism, stroke, heart attack
Disorders of Hemostasis
• Endothelial roughening: impairment of endothelial
characteristics such as arteriosclerosis, severe
burns/scar tissue, or inflammation may give platelets
a place to cling and begin a thrombus
• Blood stasis: slowing of blood flow particularly in
immobilized patients does not keep clotting factors
diluted
Disorders of Hemostasis
• Bleeding disorders: prevention of proper
clot formation
– Thrombocytopenia: platelet count under
50,000 per mm3
• Petechiae: small purplish blotches (bruises) caused
by spontaneous bleeding from small BV all over
body
• Cause: damage to myeloid tissue (bone marrow):
bone marrow cancer, radiation, certain drugs
• Treatment: whole blood transfusion or in some
cases platelet transfusion
Disorders of Hemostasis
• Impaired liver function
– Little to no procoagulants produced
– Causes: vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis,
cirrhosis
• Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin produced in your
intestines by bacteria: liver produces bile which is
necessary for fat absorption
– No bile = no fat absorption = vitamin K deficiency = no
procoagulant production
– Treatment: Depends on cause
Hemophilia
Hemophilia – genetic disorder where clotting factors
are missing causing excessive bleeding. Symptoms
include severe hemorrhage following minor injuries.
Frequent nosebleeds, large muscular hematomas,
and blood in urine. Whole blood transfusions or
clotting factor injections are a temporary cure.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia: What is it?
• Hereditary X linked trait so usually affects males
– Hemophilia A = factor VIII deficiency – most common
– Hemophilia B – factor IX deficiency
– Hemophilia C – factor XI deficiency
• Symptoms: minor tissue trauma causes
prolonged bleeding, bleeding into joint capsules
after exercise or trauma
• Management: clotting factor transfusion