Download Mutations Note Guide

Mutations Note Guide
Using your textbook (13.3) and the Mutations PowerPoint on Black Board, complete the following note guide on
mutations.
What are mutations?
How do Mutations Occur?
Some mutations are spontaneous mutations; this means ____________________________________________________
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Some mutations are induced mutations; this means ________________________________________________________
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Mutagens are ______________________________________________________________________________________.
Examples of mutagens are ____________________________________________________________________________
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The two broad classes of mutations are __________________________ and __________________________ mutations.
Gene Mutations
Type of Gene Mutation
1. What effect does this type of mutation have on an organism’s DNA?
2. Does the mutation cause a frame shift?
How do frame shift mutations effect the DNA code of a gene?
What effect do frame shift mutations have on the final protein product?
Chromosomal Mutations
Type of Chromosomal Mutation
Description of mutation/ What effect does it have on an organism’s DNA?
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In your own words, describe how chromosomal mutations are different from gene mutations.
Effects of Mutations
Most mutations have ________________________ on an organism. However, some mutations can be harmful or
beneficial.
Harmful mutations:
Beneficial mutations:
Example:
Example:
Check Your Understanding: Using the information you just gathered, answer the following questions:
1. In a __________________ mutation, one base is changed to a different base.
2. In an
3. In a_____________
__ mutation, a base is inserted into the DNA sequence.
mutation, one base is removed from the DNA sequence.
4. Which of the above mutations can result in a frameshift mutation?
5. Why is a frameshift mutation more damaging than a substitution?
6. Each diagram below represents an original chromosome and a possible mutation of the chromosome. Label the
mutations appropriately.
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AB C DE F
A C DE F
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AE D CB F
AB C DE F
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AB C DE F
ABC J K L D E
F
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AB C DE F
A B B C D E F ________________________________
7. Deletion can happen as a gene mutation or as a chromosomal mutation. What is the difference?
8. Small changes in genes
A. disappear quickly.
B. gradually accumulate over time.
C. prevent the next generation from developing.
D. do not affect future generations.
9. A possible mutagen is
A. an anticodon.
B. translocation.
C. hemoglobin.
D. ultraviolet light.
10. What happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen?
A. The DNA base sequence changes permanently.
B. The DNA base sequence is not affected.
C. The organism is not affected.
D. The organism is affected temporarily.
11. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the effects of mutations on living things?
A. Most mutations are harmful, but some have little effect.
B. Many mutations have little or no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial.
C. Most mutations are beneficial and a few are harmful.
D. About half of mutations are beneficial and half are harmful.
12. Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because they
A. happen over the long period of time that evolution requires.
B. cut out and replace damaged or useless genes.
C. are a source of genetic variability.
D. accelerate the transcription rate of DNA.
13. Cancer is the product of a mutation that
A. causes the uncontrolled growth of cells.
B. changes the structure of hemoglobin in the blood.
C. brings about stunted growth and severe pain.
D. causes a translocation in a pair of chromosomes.
14. a. Read the article entitled “Sickle Cell Anemia as Malaria Defense.” b. As you are reading underline any evidence
the author cites for how the mutation in the hemoglobin gene is able to protect cells against the malaria parasite.
c. In your own words explain why a substitution mutation in a single base in DNA can bring about Sickle Cell Anemia.
In your answer include the effects the mutation has on the expression of the hemoglobin gene.
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