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Full Blood Count 13/12/10 PY Mindmaps Examinations Book Data Interpretation – Venkatesh RED BLOOD CELLS ANAEMIA Decreased production – nutritional deficiencies/malasorption, marrow failure, low level of hormones (EPO, thyroid hormones) Increased production – haemolytic anaemia (congenital/acquired) Bleeding Haemodilution MCV Anaemia with low MCV - microcytosis - Fe deficiency - thalassaemia - sideroblastic anaemia Anaemia with high MCV - macrocytosis - folate or B12 deficiency alcohol abuse chronic liver disease hypothyroidism reticulocytosis myelodysplasia Anaemia with normal MCV - chronic disease chronic renal failure pregnancy haemolysis bone marrow failure mixed haematinic deficiency (Fe, B12) Macrocytosis - alcohol B12 deficiency folate deficiency myelodysplastic syndrome therapy with cytotoxics or immunosuppressants hypothyroidism Jeremy Fernando (2011) POLYCYTHAEMIA (Hb > 160g/L) Relative (reduced plasma volume) - burns - severe dehydration Absolute - polycythaemia ruba vera - myeloproliferative disorders - chronic hypoxia (OSA, Eisenmenger’s) RETICULOCYTOSIS - acute blood loss - any cause of premature RBC destruction WHITE BLOOD CELLS NEUTROPHILIA - stress sepsis leukemoid reactions corticosteroids malignancy vasculitis NEUTROPAENIA - infection - cytotoxic agents - idiosyncratic drug reactions (clozapine, carbimazole, sulphonamides, beta-lactams) LYMPHOPENIA - simple stress response prior corticosteroid therapy autoimmune disease (SLE) infection: viral, severe sepsis, Tb, brucelliosis, histoplasmosis, HIV, CVM cytotoxic drugs radiation LYMPHOCYTOSIS Jeremy Fernando (2011) - infection: viral, Tb, toxoplasmosis, syphilis thyrotoxicosis leukaemia lymphoma ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTES - viral infections: EBV, CMV, HIV toxoplasmosis leukaemia lymphoma lead poisoning drug hypersensitivity MONOCYTOSIS - Tb leukaemia lymphoma myelodysplasia IBD convalescence from any infection EOSINOPHILIA - allergy Addisons parasitic infections sarcoidosis polyarteritis nodosa leukaemia lymphoma melanoma irradiation convalescence from any infection BASOPHILIA - infection: viral, Tb hypothyroidism IBD polysplenectomy leukaemia systemic mastocytosis haemolysis polycythaemia ruba vera PANCYTOPAENIA Reduced Marrow Production Jeremy Fernando (2011) - replacement of marrow (malignant cells) - idiosyncratic Drug Reaction (chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, phenytoin, carbamazepine, gold) - megaloblastic haematopoiesis (B12 deficiency) - autoantibodies (SLE) - myelofibrosis - myelodysplasia - toxins (benzene) - cytotoxic agents - overwhelming infections Increased Peripheral Cellular Destruction - SLE HIV infection hypersplenism paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria THROMBOCYTOPAENIA Pseudothrombocytopaenia -> film -> blue tube Decreased Production - bone marrow failure - pernicious anaemia Increased Destruction - sepsis immune (ITP, TTP, HUS, HITTS) intravascular device (IABP, ECMO, PAC, bypass) drug induced (antibiotics, thiazides, H2 antagonists) antiphospholipid syndrome DIC HELLP haemolysis Dilution - post resuscitation - massive transfusion Jeremy Fernando (2011)