Download There lie on average seven to eight mesophyll cells between any

Chloroplasts in the bundle sheath and
surrounding mesophyll cells are generally
distributed.
There lie on average seven to eight mesophyll cells
between any two vascular bundles.
Bundle sheath cells are smaller relative to
mesophyll cells. Vascular bundles lie
parallel to the leaf.
Air spaces are mostly found near stomata on the
leaf surface.
This particular C3 plant, Arabidopsis thaliana,
carries stomata of the ‘sausage-shaped’ variety.
Bundle sheath cells are significantly larger
relative to mesophyll cells. Vascular
bundles lie parallel to the leaf.
Space between any two vascular bundles in C4
leaves is overall smaller than in C3, being on
average only two cells wide.
In maize, chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells are
generally distributed, but in the bundle sheath
cells, they are arranged in a centrifugal manner.
Air spaces are mostly found near stomata on the
leaf surface.
This particular C4 plant of maize carries stomata of
the ‘dumbbell-shaped’ variety, though in other C4
plants, the ‘sausage-shaped’ variety is more
common.
CAM plant stomata are sunken underneath their
subsidiary cells. Four subsidiary cells lie in an oblong
formation, with the guard cells lying just below.
No distinct bundle sheath cell layer between mesophyll
cells and xylem vessels. The vascular bundles are angled in
a diagonal fashion in the leaf, so not parallel to the leaf
itself. Furthermore, they grow increasingly narrow when
moving from the parenchyma to near the surface.
Air spaces are mostly found near stomata on the
leaf surface, in the outer chlorenchyma layer.
However, they are also found throughout the leaf
layers.
Moving from the outer chlorenchyma to the
parenchyma, chloroplast content becomes
increasingly sparse.
The mesophyll cells additionally become
increasingly larger from the outer chlorenchyma to
the parenchyma layer.