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Infectious diseases of
the dog and cat
The Respiratory tract
 Canine
Distemper
 Canine Adenovirus type 2
 Parainfluenza virus 2
 Canine Herpesvirus 1
Distemper
 Paramyxovirus
 Disease
of Canidae, seals, dolphins…
 Serologically unique
 Virus strains differ in virulence
 Not very resistant
Patogenesis
Respiratory infection - aerosol
 Primary replication in macrophages of
upper respiratory tract (within 24 hours)
and subsequently in macrophages and
lymphocytes (lymph nodes, tonziles)
 6 days following infection, first wave of
fever and lymphopenia
 Critical period: 8-10 days p.i.
 Virus dissemination in epithelial cells and
CNS

Critical period
Ab titre > 100:



Virus elimination
End of viremia
Long lasting immunity
absence of Ab:
Till 10 – 18 days





Infection of epithelial
cells
Secondary replication
2nd wave of fever
Lymphopenia
Clinical signs
Distemper – forms:

Systemic Distemper
 Gastroenteritis
 Conjunctivitis
 Bronchitis,

pneumonia
Nervous form
 Hematogenous
spread of the virus
 Demyelinisation
Old dog encephalitis
 Hyperkeratosis (hard pad)
 Transplacental transmission
 Immunosupression, secondary infections

Diagnostics
 Conjunctival
swab
 pharyngeal swab
 urine, blood, serum
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Postmortem:
lungs, tonzils, lymph
nodes, urinary bladder, brain
Diagnostics
 IFA
- yes
 Isolation
on tissue cultures – no
 Isolation on embryonnated eggs – no
 Intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear
inclusions (in epithel. cells, neuronal
cells, leukocytes)
Failure of IFA
 Virus
masking by antibodies
 Virus occurrence in focuses
 Time limited occurrence
Detection of Antibodies
VNT (paired samples)
 Indirect IFA

Immune status
(after 2nd. viremia)
Prognosis non favourable
 Protection
 Protection incertain

< 1:20
> 1:100
1:20 – 1:100
Analysis of cerebrospinal
fluid
 Used
to confirm CDV encephalopathy
 Detection of specific IgM and IgG in
the CSF-acute Distemper
Kennel cough
 Viruses:
– Parainfluenza virus 2
– Adenovirus type 2
 Replication
in the lower part of the
respiratory tract
Bacterial and fungal infections in
the respiratory system (RS)
 Nasal
infections (acute/ chronic diseases,
mycoses)
 Upper RT (kennel cough)
 Lower
RT
Diagnosis of RS infections
 Localizing
diseases
 Imaginig the RT (endoscopy, tomography,
magnetic resonance imaginig)
 Obtaining material for microbiological
examinations:
– Swabing of RS
– Washing (nasal, transtracheal aspiration,
endotracheal w., bronchoalveolar lavage)
The upper RS



B.bronchiseptica prim.
doxycycline
p.o.

S.intermedius
co-amoxicillin
cephalosporins 1.g.
Escherichia coli
flumequin
Pasteurella multocida
cephalosporins 1.g.
amox./ampicillin

Klebsiella pneumoniae
flumequin

Aspergillus spp.


p.o.
p.o.


p.o.



p.o.
p.o.


p.o.
The lower RS: Bronchopneumonia I.

B.bronchiseptica prim.
doxycycline
p.o.


S.intermedius
co-amoxicillin
cephalosporins 1.g.
Escherichia coli
flumequin
Pasteurella multocida
cephalosporins 1.g.
amox./ampicillin
Klebsiella pneumoniae
flumequin

p.o.
p.o.


p.o.



p.o.
p.o.


p.o.
Bronchopneumonia II.


P.aeruginosa
enro/difloxacin
s.c.,p.o.
Pseudomonas spp.
amikacin
i.v.,i.m.,s.c.
piperacilllin/tikarcillin
i.v.,i.m.
gentamicin
i.v.,i.m.,s.c.






Obligate anaerobes


Streptococcus spp.


Mycobacterium spp.
co-amoxicillin
clindamycin
amox./ampicillin
benzylpenicillin
i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
s.c.,i.m.
Pyothorax/pleuritis



Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
enro/difloxacin
enro/difloxacin
Enterobacter spp.
i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
P.multocida
cephalosporins 2.-3.g.
s.c.,p.o.
s.c.,p.o.





Obligate anaerobes



S.intermedius
co-amoxicillin
i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
co-amoxicillin
i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
klindamycin
i.m.,p.o.
co-amoxicillin
i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
Enteric tract - viruses
 Canine
parvovirus CPV-2
 Canine coronavirus
 Distemper
 Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)
Parvovirosis
Canine Parvovirus
 Hosts – Canidae
 Originated by mutations from Feline
panleukopenia virus
 Three antigennic types CPV-2a,b,c
 Very stable and resistant
 Disease of 6 – 8 weeks old puppies

Pathogenesis





Oral infection
Primary replication in the regional lymph-nodes
and tonziles (1 – 2 days)
Replication in enterocytes, myocardium
Virus is disseminated by blood
Virus could be isolated from all tissues
Significant affinity to replicating cells (mitosis)!!
 Enteritis
 Myocarditis
Transplacental infection
Acute myocarditis in 3 – 8 weeks
Mortality 20 – 100%
Pathogenesis
 Virus
replicates in non-mature
enterocytes
 Transient lymphodepletion and
neutropenia….. bacterias (sepsis)
and viruses.
Diagnosis
Hemmaglutination test (porcine
erytrocytes)
 Virus isolation on A72, CRFK – no!
 Rapid immunochromatographic tests

Serological tests
Hemmaglutination inhibition test
 titres >80 are protective

Colostral antibodies persist till 8 – 16
weeks of age
 4 fold rise is significant

Canine Coronavirus
Mild infection, often asymptomatic
 70% Ab positive dogs
 Age: 1-3 months
 Incubation period 3-4 days
 Involvement of small intestine, replication
in mature enterocytes on the apical
surface of intestinal villi, virus shedding up
to 2 weeks
 Watery yellow-green diarrhea

Diagnosis
Serology -meaningless- low titre of
systemic IgG
 Paired samples



EM, FA, Cell cutures
Inaktivated vaccine – interference with
colostral antibodies
The alimentary tract infections
 The
oral cavity, pharynx
 The
stomach
 The
intestine
The alimentary tract

stomatitis , periodontitis


Obligate anaerobes




clindamycin
co-amoxicillin
p.o.
p.o.,s.c.,i.m.
gastritis
Helicobacter spp.
amoxicillin-+metronidazole
Acute enterokolitis
p.o.



Salmonella spp.
Y.enterocolitica

flumequin
potenc.sulfonaides
amox./ampicillin
p.o.
p.o.
p.o








Campylobacter spp.
C.perfringens
E.coli (EHEC,EAEC)
E.coli
(neonatal sepsis)
erythromycin
p.o.
.amox./ampicillin
i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
potenc.sulfonamides
p.o.
sultamicilin
i.v.,i.m.
cephalosporins 2.-3.g
s.c.,i.v.,i.m.
The urinary tract


Escherichia coli
potenc.sulfonamides
Proteus mirabilis.
amox./ampicillin
p.o.,i.m.


p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.






Proteus vulgaris
S.intermedius
potenc.sulfonamides
p.o.,i.m.,s.c.
co-amoxicillin
p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g.
p.o.
Klebsiella pneumoniae cephalosporins 1.-3.g. p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa tetracycline
p.o.


Enterococcus spp.
amox./ampicillin
p.o.
Streptococcus spp.
amox./ampicillin
p.o.



Urogenital tract and viruses
 Canine
Herpesvirus CHV-1
 Distemper
 Parvovirus
Canine Herpesvirus
 Opportunistic
 Period



pathogen
of increased sensitivity:
last 3 weeks of pregnancy
3 weeks after birth
stress
Pathogenesis

Infection:


transplacental
during parturition – oronasal infection
Primary replication in oronasal region
 Infection of mononuclear cells
 Spread in organs and tissues
 Latency

Diagnosis
 PCR
 Isolation
on tissue culture???
(primary canine fibroblasts) CPE
within 48 hours
 Neutralization

test
paired samples
The skin
(pyoderma)


S.intermedius







Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas spp.
Streptococcus canis
Bacillus cereus
cephalosporins 1.g.
co-amoxicillin
oxacillin
potenc.sulfonamides
cephalosporins 1.g.
enro/difloxacin
cephalosporins 1.g.
co-amoxicillin
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
CNS - viruses
 Distemper
 Rabies
The cat
Enteric Infections
 Feline
Panleukopenia
 Feline infectious peritonitis - FIP
Felina Panleukopenia
 Parvovirus
 Ag
related with other parvoviruses
 Oronasal infection
 Newborn
kittens– systemic or CNS
infection
 Later – panleukopenia and enteritis
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
(FIP)
 Coronavirus
 Susceptible
hosts: felidae
 Antigenniv relationship with other
coronaviruses (TGEV, CCoV)
 FIP – mutation of ubikvitous feline
enteral coronavirus (FeCV)
 Both viruses differ by macrophage
tropism
Pathogenesis
 Primary
replication – epithelium of
tonziles
 Replication in enterocytes
 Infection of macrophages allows
virus spread in the organism
Pathogenesis
 Antibodies
enhance infection (Fc
receptors allows entry into
macrophages)
 Immunocomplex
 Cell mediated response is protective
 Effusive
- wet form
 Non-effusive – dry form (immunity is
partially preserved)
Diagnosis
FeCV complicates diagnosis:

Cross reactivity of antibodies
– FeCV IFA titre: 25 – 3200
– FIP IFA titre: 100 - 64000

Titre >3200 evidence of FIP infection

Similarity of genomes– complicates PCR
diagnostics
FIV
 Retrovirus
 Host
– felidae
 Main route of infection– bite
Pathogenesis
Target cells
monocytes / macrophages
lymfocytes T , B
astrocytes
 perzistent, life-long infection
Provirus integration into host cell
chromosome
Expression of virus proteins is
restricted
antigennic drift

Pathogenesis




Acute phase (several weeks)
 fever
 neutropenia
asymptomatic phase (3 – 5 years)
ARC (AIDS related complex)
 generalized lymphadenopathy
 chroni secundary infection of mouth and
upper respiratory tract
5 - 10% infected animals
 tumors
 Involvement of CNS
Diagnosis
 Antibody
detection
 ELISA
 IFA
 Rapid
tests
 Serological
 PCR
latency- several weeks
– in some laboratories
Feline leukosis virus (FeLV)
 Retrovirus
 Disease
of stray animals (1 - 7% of
population)
 Infection occurs in the first 5 years of
life (age resistence)
 transmission– salive (bite), urine,
feces, in utero
Pathogenesis
3
biotypes
 FeLV-A
– Immunosupression, oportunistic
infection
 FeLV-B – Viremia, immunosupression,
neoplasia, lymphomas
 FeLV-C –thymus atrophy, lymphodepletion
 permissive
cells: macrophages,
lymphocytes, non-mature
enterocytes
 Antibodies are able to eliminate
infection
Pathogenesis
Primary replication in macrophages and B
lymphocytes in tonziles
 Primary viremia (1-2 weeks), virus is
associated with mononuclear cells
 Infected cells are in bone marrow,
intestine, oesophagus, stomach, kidney,
pancreas, urinary bladder
 Virus is spread by saliva, urine, tears,
feces




Early phase
4 – 16 weeks following infection (persistent
viremia or regression)
latent phase - up to 3 years
Terminal phase
lymphoid tumors, anemia, immunodeficiency
(secondary infection)
83% of cats die during 3,5 years
Diagnosis
 p25
antigen detection in blood,
saliva…
 ELISA
 IFA
 Rapid
immunochromatographic tests
 Antibody
detection – no!