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Mesopotamia 1. Topography • also known as fertile crescent • land between two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates • near Zagros mountains, Anatolia and the Assyrian dessert, and Al Jariza desert belt • fertile alluvial soil • rivers serve as transportation • flood caused by the silt layer in rivers • massive irrigation and flood control system 2. Climate • no rainfall within 8 months • dry desert climate • temperature - July – 43 C January – below freezing • precipitation – high rainfall causing rainfed agriculture 3. People • Semitic people • Crowded in Nineveh, Sumer and Akkad 4. Resources • Lacks natural resources • Abundant water Sumer (3200 - 2000 BCE) Political Leadership: 1. From Sumer to Chaldeans, a sociopolitical structure emerged in the society in a gradual manner – classes in society 2. The leader or ruler gets hold of power through the use of forces or victories in battles – ruler qualifications are based on physical attributes/strength 3. Common allusion to supra being as the origin of human powers – (political activities and cities centered on temples/ziggurats) 4. There are different capitals in different periods however, the capital serves as the seat of government Laws: 1. The common origin of laws is the natural law: Do good, avoid evil 2. The goal of jurisprudence is simply to maintain peace and harmony Warfare: 1. Conquests and battles are means of affirming power and ascendancy 2. The degree of aggression varies 3. Warfare technology developed through time 1. Founder: Ubadians 2. Major Cities: A. Adab B. Eridu C. Isin D. Kish Economic Socio-Cultural • • • • • • • Euphrates- life line Tigris – vast flowing Less violent floods occur Irrigation system Dikes, canals Establishment of agriculture Depend mainly on wheat and barley Economic System 1. Sumer to Chaldeans – Communal economis system 2. All economic activities converge into the maximum use of natural resources 3. There is a gradual transition from rudimentary use of natural resources to a complex use of technology in obtaining maximum gains Ex. Irrigation to desalinization to crop rotation 4. Economic expansion is an indispensable means to sustain economic stability 5. Aggression is a common alternative for economic expansion 6. The economic focus or means vary from one period to another - Barley, wheat, onion,, garlic, lettuce - Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs - Transportation-oxen and donkeys for trade - Hunt fish gazelle and fowl - Agriculture depended mainly on 1. The most prominent contribution of the whole civilization of Mesopotamia are the writing system, duodecimal system, and other Mathematic functions 2. There are different literary forms under different periods 3. Allusion to supra being is common to literary works of different periods 4. Belief in a higher being is perceptible in the peoples way of life 5. Dominant passions of the rulers of the different periods are apparent in art works • • • • • Anthromorphic Gods Divine unity and Divine omnipotence Cuneiform Proverbs, hymns, myths Ziggurats – temples 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Amorites ( 2000 - 1000 BCE) E. Kullab F. Lagash G. Larsa H. Nippur I. Ur J. Uruk Government A. Ruled by a priestly governor or king B. Templed cities with about 10,000 population C. Priests are highly regarded D. Start of slave labor Structure A. Specialists B. Free farmers C. Slaves Law A. Lex taleonis – exact revenge B. People are3 not equal under law Warfare A. war chariots using wheels Fall A. was conquered by Sargon the Great B. Capital was transferred to Agade C. Sumeria disintegrated 1. Founder - Hammurabi 2. Capital – Babylon 3. Government A. Monarchy B. Centralized government 4. Law A. Hammurabi code – first written law 5. Fall A. Some of the cities began to seek independence B. Kassite invasion irrigation - Used wheels (from Potter’s wheels)for transportation • • • • Planted barley rather than wheat Crop rotation Sailboat Duodecimal System • Lunar calendar • • • • • Semitic Language Epic of Gilgamesh Temples Water clocks Sailboats C. Decline in power and territory D. Carried off to Anatolia Kassites and Hittites ( 1600 - 1300 BCE) Dark age of Mesopotamia Kassites 1. Lacked dynamic Leadership as well as cultural unity 2. First to put light chariot at its best Hittites 1. Capital: Hattussa 2. centralized government Defense against invaders of northern Mesopotamia Assyrians (1300 – 612BCE) Chaldeans ( 612 – 539BCE) India 1. Topography • South India – plateau • North India – plain • • • • Establish trade and diplomacy Egypt Assyria Cattle and sheep Iron copper zinc Iron age – Fe was very important • • • Ashurism – worship of Asur, the Assyrian God Rock carvings Writing in parchment or leather Palace without a rival • • • • • • • • Abrahamic religions Dream interpretation Embroideries and rugs Gen cutting Buildings with buttresses Ishtar gate Hanging Gardens of Babylon Phonetic system of writing 1. Capital – Nineveh 2. Government A. Centered on Assur B. There are small provinces C. Landholding classes consisted of military commanders 3. law A. Lex taleonis 4. Warfare – chariot warfare, use of iron • • • • No Salinization cause they were in the northern part of Tigris Aqueducts Trade routes Expansion 1. 2. 3. 4. A. B. C. • • Plow and sickle Archimedes screw Founder – King Nebuchadnezzar ii Capital – Babylon Government – centralized Structure: Amelu - elite Mushkenu - landless Ardu - slave Political Leadership: 1. From Indo-Aryan to Hindu-Islamic Civilization religion is inseparable Economic • • trade North Himalayas – choke points • • • Kuduru Steles – used in marking the boundaries or in making proclamations Sculptures Socio-Cultural 1. Religion is underlying foundation of all cultural practices from Indo-Aryan • • • • Deccan Plateau Himalayan Mountains Bay of Bengal Rivers – Indus river, Ganges river 2. Climate • Hot due to Deccan Plateau • Cold in the Himalayan mountains 3. Resources • Oil • Fertile soil • Mineral resources 4. People • Mohenjo daro • Indo Aryans • White huns Vedic Period from political practices 2. Politico-religioso (duo political and religious) leadership is the pervading practice during these periods 3. Knowledge of sacred texts is a prerequisite to be a ruler 4. Religious affiliations of rulers affect political philosophy and practices Laws: 1. Origin of laws are traced from deities 2. Laws can be a conglomeration of religious doctrines, cults, practices, observances and institutional beliefs and values Warfare: 1. Conquests and battles are means of affirming power and ascendancy 2. The degree of aggression varies 3. Warfare technology developed through time INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Indo Gangetic plains – 3300 – 1300 BCE THE TWO MAJOR CITIES Mohenjo daro(3300 – 1300BCE), Harappan city 1. a priest king is believed to have ruled alongside a bureaucracy 2.Heavilydefended – north Invaders from outer India would come 3.Weapons –bronze and copper VEDIC CIVILIZATION Reason behind the coming of the Indo Aryans: 1. diminishing grazing lands of Central Asia causing the migration of the Indo Aryans to India Indo Aryans: 1. Semi – nomadic pastoral people • Water – limited area for ports • Went around Himalayas Economic System 1. Started with a communal economy to a market economy by the Hindu-Islamic civilizations 2. Centered on agriculture and weaving. Economic trading and metallurgy are also explored and developed 3. The caste system affects the economy of India as a whole and the individual economic feasibility 4. Religious beliefs and practices impact as well the economy 5. Aggression as a means of economic expansion is also visible in the economic history of the country to Hindu-Islamic civilization 2. Hinduism and Islam are two irreconcilable religions 3. Literary works, arts, and architecture are extensively and intensively influence by religions 4. The caste system is the distinctive feature of India’s socio-cultural structure - Indus river – rich soil - water and land from Himalayas - irrigation for agriculture - Indigenous products: cotton wheat and barley - Mohenjo daro – trade cities based on Harappa - Built streets, irrigation system: Underground irrigation - Writing – official notes, business - Bronze age - Pastoral community – sheep cow - Farm – because they came from central Asia, there were little grazing lands in Asia - crops: Wheat, barley, horses, cows - Jobs: Barters, boatmen, potters, butchers - Barter: Gold for other porducts Religion • Incorporating myths and essentially mechanical and contractual in operation. • No temples • Mainly sacrifices • Soma – beverage from a mountain plant • Gods were considered to be powerful creatures with human like attributes but are immortal as long as they drank soma • Divinities were identified to sky, sun etc • Indra – most famous – slain serpent – created lightning 2. Known for military superiority 3. Rajan system Mode of government was Aristocratic Republic – hereditary form of government wherein the rulers come from the family of the raja Structure Raja –king Purohita – priest king, invokes blessing Senani – warlord Gramani – village leader 4. Male dominated society 5. The caste system eventually replaced the Rajan System - a strict political and social hierarchy Brahman – priest Kshatriya – warrior Vaishya – merchant Shudra - servant The Vedas – priest’s guidelines Brahmanas- rules law Vedas Purunas – epics of India – Mahabharata – Kurukshetra war Bet indo Aryan period 8 years Heroes, demons and angels Depicted govt system Dynasties OTHER EVENTS 1.Nanda empire – 327 BC – 322 BC Founder: Mahapadmananda Last ruler: Dhanananda 2.Invasion of Alexander the great – 327 BC - Ironage Mauryan empire - River based trade of goods - Coinage from barter - Arthasantra- Mauryan coin - science of trade - internal currency Gupta Empire -Centralized coinage Philosophy: • Buddhism • Dharma and Karma • Rebirth of souls • Reach nirvana • only matter exists and denied the existence of soul • The root of suffering is desire • Direct energy outwards • Hinayana-lesser vehicle – individual • Mahayana-greater vehicle – redemption of whole human race • Jainism/ Ahimsa – Mahavira – atheism – peace, not war, antiviolence • Comprised of monks • With prayers scriptures and sacred beings • Imposed taboos against the slaughter of animals Arts and Letters • Metalwork • Music – flutes drums cymbals lutes harps • Dancing • Dice gambling • Sanskrit -language • Four Vedas – hymns, prayers and incantations • Heroic age – Mahabharata and Ramayana Architecture • Drainage systems and public baths • Dwelling for animals Due to this invasion, they realized the need for political unity. 3.Mauryan empire – 1320 - 184 BC Founder : Chandragupta (conquered Nanda empire) A. The empire expansion reached the Deccan Plate. B. Ashoka the great invaded Kalinga province C. Mauryan structure of Government The first empire to unite most of the subcontinent. a. introduction of a centralized system of government b. division of land into provinces c. utilization of spice and powerful armies ended by white Huns • • Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the Vihara (monastery) and the Stupa (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory) Granite temple panels 4.Gupta empire 206 – 220CE “classical period of India” Golden age of India A. Sustained strong bureaucracy, military and centralized form of government B. Warfare – use of iron and war elephants Hindu islamic • Islam arrives in southeast Asia DELHI SULTANATE Muhammad Ghur founds Muslim rule in India MUGHAL EMPIRE 1526-1707BCE A. Founder: Babur B. Government – introduction of sultanate Hindu Islamic Structure C. Laws – Q’uranic influences D. Successors of Babur ( with remarkable contributions ) • Akbar-expansion to 12 provinces, united the south • Shah Jahan – Taj Mahal • Aurangzeb – Annexed to the Delhi Sultanate - Agrarian reforms market control - Experimental economics - Gambling Mughal period - distribution of gold and silver to people • • • • • • • • • • • • • Hinduism Vishnu – the preserver Shiva - the destroyer Krishna – loving god Gita religion Sikhism – Hinduism + Islam – truth good – Guru Nanak Belief in Dharma Sanskrit literature pertaining to nature Arabian nights Dravidian style temple Indo Aryan style temples Laughing boy sculpture Buddha Muslim king - decline of Mughal empire China Politics Economics Political philosophy • Largest economy for most 1. Mandate of heaven recorded history -Chinese political belief that started during the Economic System Zhou dynasty that emperors received the right 1. Communal system to rule from heaven and therefore people owe 2. They introduced enormous the ruler complete loyalty and allegiance economic activities from Qin -War, flood and famine were considered as to Quing(bronze casting and signs that the ruler had lost the mandate of cowrie shells as money, 2.Climate unified currency system, silk • Controlled by monsoon winds heaven -The foundation or origin and cessation of route, standardized weights • Varied in different areas powers of rulers and measures, paper, road 2. Dynastic Cycle systems, gunpowder, canals, 3. Resources A. A new ruler emerges and unites the printing, agriculture, • Water pharmacy, etc.) people and found new dynasty • Fertile soil 3. Unified and sophisticated B. The kingdom achieves prosperity and a • Silk marketing system new golden age 4. Economic sustainability and C. The dynasty begins to decay and the population emperor declines D. The dynasty loses the mandate of heaven 3. Zhongguo – believed to be the center of the world – Middle Kingdom 4. Philosophical thoughts or principles influence style and manner of ruling China under different dynasties (Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism) 5. Chinese territorial pressure and sinicizing of conquerors as in the case of the (Mongol-Yuan 1279-1368CE, and the Manchus-Quing 1644-1911CE) 6. Continuity - Bureaucratic structure - Political unification and reunification 1.Topography • Rivers – yellow and Yangtze • East – alluvial plains • North – inner plateau • South – mountain ranges • West – mountain ranges Socio-Cultural 1. Ancestor Worship and Cult of Manorial land 2. The Schools of thought: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism 3. Social Classes: Gentry(intellectuals and scholars), Peasant(land workers and laborers), Merchants(sellers) 4. Social Mobility 5. Relationships – ex. Ruler and ruled, father and son, etc. 6. Family life and Values – respect for elders, extended family, filial piety 7. Literature, arts, architecture are influenced by religious beliefs and practices 8. Sinicizing of conquerors 9. Cultural influences: Japan, Korea, SEA 10. Chinese resiliency and adaptability Shang 1750 – 1100 BCE Confucian Classes Economic policies 1. Capital: Luoyang 2. Founder: Tang 3. Structure: A. Wang - king -descendant of god -crossover to the supernatural -divine figure -link between spiritual ancestors and the human world -political and religious dictatorship centered on Wang -everything is owned by Wang B. Slaves -believed to have no souls thus used for sacrifices 4. Hereditary aristocracy 5.Oracles – prophecies used for decision 6.Fall of Shang dynasty - the last Shang king was cruel -there was chronic warfare -strained resources and demands of royal display led to slave revolts led by the Shang vassal domain, the Zhou • • • • • Large scale production of bronze vessels and weapons Need of large labor That would handle mining, refining, and transportation – blue collar workers Fishing –two rivers Porcelain wares • • • • • • • metalworking Horse drawn chariots Bronze Pictographic writing Calendar – oracle bone inscriptions 60 day cycle with 10 days per week Shamans - Human sacrifice Zhou ( 1100 - 226BCE) 1. Capital: Wei Valley 2. Founder: Ji Chiang or Zhou Wenwang 3.Mandate of heaven 4. Western Zhou A.Capital – Xian ( Changan) B.Contributions -extended authority of state to Manchuria and Yangtze Valley 5.Eastern Zhou A. Capital: Luoyang B. Contributions: -hundreds schools of thought 5. Structure A. Wang – King B. Nobles C. Slaves 6.Government System -hierarchical aristocracy -Centralized government officials had no salary but were given gifts by the king 7. Fall of Wang -Noble overpowered the Wang -China was separated into seven provinces Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Qin ( 220 – 206BCE) FIRST EMPIRE 1.Capital: 2.Founder: Shi Huang Di ( Yin Zheng)– first emperor 3. Unification of China -emperor Shi Huang Di conquered the warring states -united the northern China and the Yangtze Valley 4.Government System A. Centralized non hereditary government B. Army – made up of nobles, cavalry • • • • • Crop: Millet, wheat, rice, some fruits Bronze – weapons and farming tools Hydraulic engineering – agricultural irrigation, ways of furrowing advanced Eastern Iron tools were adopted Plows were introduced Silk road – silk for high price Zhou coin holes to keep on string During spring and autumn Crop rotation Bronze was scarcely used for agricultural tools Iron thought to be an inferior metal Industrial production of ceramics Woven textiles Warring states Inter state trade, isolated inside state Systematized tax system Professionalized military Many mines Carburization – discovered steel Common system for money and measurement – help during construction Emperor was so rich – terracotta army Qin coin Magic canal – linking Huang He to Yangtze Building project • • • Confucianism - Founder - Confucius Legalism - Founder – Han Fei Zi Daoism - Founder – Lao Zi Worship of nature and spirits – sacrifices Tying of hair of girls Bells Mirrors Totemic figures of animals and monsters Paintings on silk kites • • • • • • Terra cotta army Legalist empire Unified system of writing Standardized measurements Great wall of chins Emperor’s mausoleum • • • • • • • C. Based on a Legalist philosophy Founder: Han Fei Zi -people were not equal under law 5.Socio- political structure A. Scholars B. Soldiers C. Farmers D. Merchant E. Slave F. Eunuch - castrated male servants 6. Aversion and Brutality against Confucianism A. Confucian writings were burned and B. Confucians were buried alive C. Weapons were stored in the capital 7. Great wall 8.Fall of Qin Dynasty -Shi Huang Di searched for immortality -Elixir of life made of mercury -Shi Huang Di died due to poisoning -His will was forged -Fu shu commit suicide Huhai –killed his siblings Became puppet of zhougao Ziying killed zhao gao and surrendered to Liu bang Han ( 206BCE – 220CE) 1. Capital: 2.Founder: Liu bang – rebel 3.Structure: Two cabinets A. High Cabinet - 3 lords 9 ministers B. Lower Cabinet – prefectures and the Xian 4. Dragons were used as icons for the ranks A. Five-clawed dragon – emperor & higher officials B. Four – three clawed dragon – lower ranks 5. Government A. Adopted Qin government B. Converted to Taoism C. Centered on Confucianism D. Retained some legalist principles E. Meritocracy instead of lineage • • • • • • • • Taxes were lowered 1/30 of the harvest Larbor corvee was reduced to once every three years and be avoided by paying tax Taxes of merchants to 40 Salt and iron Oxen and horses as draught animals Ploughs and s\owing equipments Irriation projects were crucial for agriculture Canals that connects large • • • • • • • Family as an immortal entity Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism Palace lamps Tomb figurines Chemical warfare Han poetry Trade of silk to ivory and incense 6.Expansion - owned biggest china 7.Started the silk road making china business oriented 8.Emperor Han Wu Ti A. imposed taxes on merchants B. State collection of grain 9.Coming of semi nomadic barbarians under leader Hsiung Nu A. women were used as gifts 10. Fall of western Han : under emperor Wang Mang A. Establishment of private estates B. Alienated the rich C. Wang Mang was murdered 11. Han in Louyang A. Peace was established B. Invaded Mongolia and pacified Sinkiang 12. Fall of Eastern Han A. peasant revolts B.Palace intrigues C. Generals became rival warlords D. Emperor was murdered E. North disintegrates resulting to rival states 13.Contributions • • • rivers Silk used as currency and tribute to nomad people of the northwestern steppe Lacquer Barbarian slaves were traded A. paper B.l acquer C. ships D. historiography E. Modern Horse collar Sui (586 – 618CE) 1.Capital: Wei Valley – Chang’an 2. Founder: Yang Jian 3. Structure A.3 departments of Sheng – like executive legislative and judiciary B.6 ministries Bu– finance military etc. 4. Government Confucian examination test for officials 5.Contributions A. Roads B. Grand Canal – Hang Chan to Yangtze delta • • • Agriculture acreage – greater crop yield Juntian and Zutiao system were carried out Grand canal from north to south • • • • Hunting Game of polo Women statue raised Revived Confucianism C. reconquered Vietnam, Sinkiang and Mongolia 5.Fall A.large scale wars against people of korea B.ncreased tax , lost support of the emperor C.Coup was led D.Emperor was assassinated Tang (618 -907CE) Second golden age 1.Capital: Chang’an 2.Founder: Tai Tsung 3. Structure: A.3 departments of Sheng – like executive legislative and judiaciary B.6 ministries bu– finance military etc. 4.Government A. Imperial service and exams were reestablished 5.Expansion A. Korea B. South Manchuria C. North Vietnam 6. First Empress – Empress Wu Enlightened one – Ming Huang A. Witnessed a golden age in Chinese literature and fine arts Contributions: A. Woodblock printing B. Glazed ceramics C. Tea 7. Fall A. The massive An Shi rebellion lead to tributary kingdoms and kingdoms broke away from Chinese rule B.9th century – partial recovery C. Establishment of 10 independent states 8. Li Bo 9. Sima Quian • • • • • Silversmithing Islamic world demand for silk lacquerware and porcelainware went higher They used culture for economy Lots of money was wasted Monopoly of salt • • • • • • • Literature Painting Polygamy of emperor Wood block printing Tea Gunpowder Silk route SOC SCI LONG TEST ANSWERS I. Answer the questions. If the country is specified in parenthesis, write the period. II. Shake your timeline! .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1. Sumerian writing - Cuneiform 2. First emperor of China - Shi Huangdi 3. Strict social system in India - caste system 4. China as Middle Kingdom - Zhongguo 5. Sumerian temple - ziggurat 6. Eye for an eye; buyer beware - Code of Hammurabi 7. duo-decimal system (Mesopotamia) - Amorites 8. Legalist dynasty (China) - Qin 9. Art depicting violence (Mesopotamia) - Assyrians 10. Silk road (China) - Han 11. Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Mesopotamia) - New Babylonians 12. 3 schools of thought (China) - Zhou 13. founder of Gupta dynasty - Chandragupta 14. one who ordered to build Taj Mahal - Sha Jahan/Sha Jehan 15. founder of Legalism - Han Fei Zi 16. founder of Jainism - Mahavira 17. Magic Canal (China) - Qin 18. Grand Canal (China) - Sui 19. Centralized coinage (India) - Gupta 20. printing press (China) - Tang 21. founder of Daoism / Taoism - Lao Tzi 22. Bronze Age (India) - Vedic 23. doctrine of nonviolence - Jainism 24. oracle bones (China) - Shang 25. desalinization (Mesopotamia) - Amorites II. People vs Period ....................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... Mohenjo Daro - India (3300-1300 BCE) Sumerians - Mesopotamia (3200-2000 BCE) Amorites - Mesopotamia (2000-1600 BCE) Shang - China (1750-1100 BCE) Kassites and Hittites - Mesopotamia (1600-1300 BCE) Assyrians - Mesopotamia (1300-612 BCE) Zhou - China (1100-256 BCE) New Babylonians - Mesopotamia (612-539 BCE) Maurya - India (320-184 BCE) Qin - China (221-207 BCE) Han - China (206 BCE - 220 CE) Gupta - India (240-550 AD) Sui - China (589-618 AD) Tang - China (618-907 AD) Mughal - India (1526-1858) Sargon the Great (Conqueror of Akkad and Sumer) - Sumerians Babur (established Mughal Empire) Mughal Hammurabi (founder of Amorites) Amorites Confucius (founder of Confucianism) - Zhou Liu Bang (prince who overthrew Qin dynasty) - Han Xi Mia Qian (historian) - Han Guru Nanak (Sikhism founder) - Mughal Ashoka (royal patron of Buddhism) Maurya Wu Ti (emperor) - Han Li Po (poet) - Tang Made by Sampatatas :)