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LAN 401 BEGINNING GREEK I Class X: Verbal Roots and Imperfect Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 1.1 Verbal Roots and Tense Stems Root and Stem: Root = its most basic form λύω < *λυ -- I loose βάλλω < *βαλ -- I throw Stem = basic form of that verb in particular tense stem: βαλλ > βαλλω Future stem: βαλ > βαλῶ Present Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Relationship of verbal root and present tense stem Pattern 1 verbs - verbal root = present tense stem Pattern 2-4 verbs – verbal root is modified when forming pr. tense stem “Root is the basic form of the verb. Stem is the basic form of a verb in a certain tense” Verbal Root Present Stem Future Aorist Stem Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 1 – Root not modified: λύσω ποιήσω βλεπ + σω > βλέψω Pattern 2 – Different forms [irregular] *ὁρα > ὁράω - I see *ὀπ > ὄψομαι - I will see *ἐρχ > ἔρχομαι - I come *ἐλευθ > ἐλεύσομαι - I will come *λεγ > λέγω - I say *ἐρ > ἐρῶ - I will say Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 3 – Liquid Futures (λ, μ, ν, ρ) Mostly formed regularly except: different tense formative [-εσ] Present and future stem slightly different Slightly Future active indicative (liquids): Fut. Act. Stem + tense formative + con. vowel + personal endings μεν + εσ + ο + μεν > μενοῦμεν Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Paradigm of Future Active indicative: Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 Liquid verb Translation μενῶ μενεῖς μενεῖ μενοῦμεν μενεῖτε μενοῦσι(ν) I will remain you will remain He/she/it will remain We will remain You will remain They will remain Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Future middle indicative (liquid): Fut. Act. Stem + tense formative + con. Vowel + pas. pers. ending Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 Liquid verb Translation μεν + εσ + ο +μεθα > μενοῦμεθα I will remain μενοῦμαι you will remain μενῇ He/she/it will remain μενεῖται We will remain μενούμεθα You will remain μενεῖσθε They will remain μενοῦνται Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect To distinguish between liquid and contract verbs: Memorize Note lexical forms final stem consonants Pay attention to accents – liquid future has circumflex over contracted vowels (except pl. 1 in middle) No Stem contraction on the present tense change Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Stem change in liquids: Present and future stems often different – just a bit Addition of double consonant: ἀποστέλλω > ἀποστελῶ Addition of iota: αἴρω > ἀρῶ Different βάλλω > βαλῶ roots: λέγω > ἐρω ἐγείρω > ἐγερῶ Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Pattern 4 – Root Modified Regularly: Memorize patterns or all tense forms? (a) Roots in a stop -ιζω/αζω - verbs βαπτίζω -- *βαπτιδ + σω > βαπτίσω -ασσω verbs ταράσσω -- *ταραχ + σω > ταράξω (I will trouble) Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect (b) Double Consonants ἐκβάλλω -- *εκβαλ > ἐκβαλῶ (c) Letters added and ablaut Iota added *αρ+ι > αἴρω (pr.) *αρ > ἀρῶ (fut.) (ι)σκ *ἀποθαν > ἀποθνῃσκω (pr.) *ἀποθαν > ἀποθανοῦμαι (fut.) *γνω + σκ > γινώσκω (pr.) *γνω > γνῶσομαι (fut.) Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Practice & Exercises: Workbook Parsing Warm-up p. 75 Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.1 Imperfect – English usage Engl. - one simple past tense – but two aspects Completed Continuous I was studying [continuous] I studied [completed] Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.2 Imperfect – Greek usage Gk. – two past tenses: Imperfect Continuous action of the past Aorist Undefined Past A action of the past time in Greek indicated by “augment” prefix that is similar to “-ed” in English (cf. want-ed) λύω -- ἔλυον Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Primary and secondary endings: Primary tenses – do not use augment Secondary tenses – do use the augment Four sets of Four personal endings Primary active (pr. act.) Secondary active (impf. act.) Primary passive (pr. pas.) Secondary passive (impf. as.) sets of personal endings of the Greek verb Other tenses draw from these or their variation Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.3 Imperfect Active Indicative Augment + present tense stem + connecting vowel + secondary active personal ending ἐ+ λυ + ο+ ν > ἔλυον Augment pr. stem con. vow. Act. personal ending Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Impf.act.ind. Form Sg. 1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 ἔλυον ἔλυες ἔλυε(ν) ἐλύομεν ἐλύετε ἔλυον Translation I was loosing You were loosing S/he/it was loosing We were loosing You were loosing They were loosing Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.4 Imperfect Middle/Passive Augment + present tense stem + connecting vowel + secondary passive personal ending ἐ+ λυ + ο+ μην > ἐλυόμην Augment+pr. stem+ con. vow+pas. personal ending Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Impf.mid/pas. Form Translation Sg. 1 ἐλυόμην ἐλύου ἐλύετο I was being loosed ἐλυόμεθα ἐλύεσθε ἐλύοντο We were being loosed Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl.1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 You were being loosed S/he/it was being loosed You were being loosed They were being loosed Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5 Characteristics of Imperfect Verbs 2.5.1 Augment Indicates past time Ways to augment a verb: 1.) Verb begins with a consonant – epsilon [ἐ-] λύω ἔλυον 2.) Verb begins with a single vowel – vowel lengthens ἀγαπάω ἠγάπων Standard patterns of vowel contractions apply (see p. 186) Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 3.) Verb begins with a diphthong - variation εὐχαριστέω ηὐχαρίστουν [1st letter of diphthong] εὑρίσκω εὕρισκον [ευ- verbs Augment ῃ < ῃ < ῳ < generally do not change] < Original Augment < Original αι ηυ < αυ ει ηυ < ευ οι Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5.2 Compound Verbs Compound Generally verb = preposition + verb augment is placed b/w prep. and the verb καταβάινω κατέβαινον περιπατέω περιεπάτουν [exception ἐκβάλλω ἐξέβαλλον with περί-] [exception with ἐκ-] Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Contract verbs ἀγαπάω ποιέω πληρόω Sg. 1 ἠγάπων ἐποίουν ἐπλήρουν Sg. 2 ἠγάπας ἐποίεις ἐπλήρους Sg. 3 ἠγάπα ἐποίει ἐπλήρου Pl. 1 ἠγαπῶμεν ἐποιοῦμεν ἐπληροῦμεν Pl. 2 ἠγαπᾶτε ἐποιεῖτε ἐπληροῦτε Pl. 3 ἠγάπων ἐποίουν ἐπλήρουν Middle Passive Sg. 1 ἠγαπώμην ἐποιοῦμην ἐπληρούμην Sg. 2 ἠγαπῶ ἐποιοῦ ἐπληροῦ Sg. 3 ἠγαπᾶτο ἐποιεῖτο ἐπληροῦτο Pl. 1 ἠγαπῶμεθα ἐποιούμεθα ἐπληρούμεθα Pl. 2 ἠγαπᾶσθε ἐποιεῖσθε ἐπληροῦσθε Pl. 3 ἠγαπῶντα ἐποιοῦντο ἐπλήροῦντο Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect 2.5.3 Imperfect of ἐιμί Form Translation ἤμην ἦς I was S/he/it was Pl. 2 ἦν ἦμεν / ἤμεθα ἦτε Pl. 3 ἦσαν They were Sg.1 Sg. 2 Sg. 3 Pl. 1 You were We were You were Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect Practice & Exercises: Workbook p. 83 Parsing Warm-up Homework: p. 77, no: 8-10 P. 84-84, no: 6, 8-10