Download LAN 401 Beginning Greek I

LAN 401 BEGINNING
GREEK I
Class X: Verbal Roots and Imperfect
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
1.1 Verbal Roots and Tense Stems
 Root and Stem:
 Root
= its most basic form
 λύω
< *λυ -- I loose
 βάλλω < *βαλ -- I throw
 Stem
= basic form of that verb in particular tense
stem: βαλλ > βαλλω
 Future stem: βαλ > βαλῶ
 Present
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Relationship of verbal root and present tense stem
 Pattern
1 verbs -
verbal root = present tense stem
 Pattern
2-4 verbs – verbal root is modified when forming
pr. tense stem “Root is the basic form of the verb. Stem is the basic
form of a verb in a certain tense”
Verbal Root
Present Stem
Future
Aorist Stem
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect


Pattern 1 – Root not modified:
λύσω
ποιήσω
βλεπ + σω > βλέψω
Pattern 2 – Different forms [irregular]
 *ὁρα > ὁράω - I see
 *ὀπ > ὄψομαι - I will see
 *ἐρχ > ἔρχομαι - I
come
 *ἐλευθ > ἐλεύσομαι - I will come
 *λεγ > λέγω -
I say
 *ἐρ > ἐρῶ - I will say
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Pattern 3 – Liquid Futures (λ, μ, ν, ρ)
 Mostly
formed regularly except:
different tense formative [-εσ]
 Present and future stem slightly different
 Slightly

Future active indicative (liquids):
Fut. Act. Stem + tense formative + con. vowel + personal
endings
μεν + εσ + ο + μεν > μενοῦμεν
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Paradigm of Future Active indicative:
Sg. 1
Sg. 2
Sg. 3
Pl. 1
Pl. 2
Pl. 3
Liquid verb
Translation
μενῶ
μενεῖς
μενεῖ
μενοῦμεν
μενεῖτε
μενοῦσι(ν)
I will remain
you will remain
He/she/it will remain
We will remain
You will remain
They will remain
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Future middle indicative (liquid):
Fut. Act. Stem + tense formative + con. Vowel + pas. pers.
ending
Sg. 1
Sg. 2
Sg. 3
Pl. 1
Pl. 2
Pl. 3
Liquid
verb
Translation
μεν
+ εσ
+ ο +μεθα
> μενοῦμεθα
I will remain
μενοῦμαι
you will remain
μενῇ
He/she/it will remain
μενεῖται
We will remain
μενούμεθα
You will remain
μενεῖσθε
They will remain
μενοῦνται
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

To distinguish between liquid and contract verbs:
 Memorize
 Note
lexical forms
final stem consonants
 Pay
attention to accents – liquid future has circumflex over
contracted vowels (except pl. 1 in middle)
 No
 Stem
contraction on the present tense
change
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Stem change in liquids:
 Present
and future stems often different – just a bit
 Addition
of double consonant:
ἀποστέλλω > ἀποστελῶ
 Addition
of iota:
αἴρω > ἀρῶ
 Different
βάλλω > βαλῶ
roots:
λέγω > ἐρω
ἐγείρω > ἐγερῶ
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Pattern 4 – Root Modified Regularly:
 Memorize
patterns or all tense forms?
(a) Roots in a stop

-ιζω/αζω - verbs
βαπτίζω -- *βαπτιδ + σω > βαπτίσω

-ασσω verbs
ταράσσω -- *ταραχ + σω > ταράξω (I will trouble)
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
(b) Double Consonants
ἐκβάλλω -- *εκβαλ > ἐκβαλῶ
(c) Letters added and ablaut
 Iota
added
*αρ+ι > αἴρω (pr.)

*αρ > ἀρῶ (fut.)
(ι)σκ
*ἀποθαν > ἀποθνῃσκω (pr.)
*ἀποθαν > ἀποθανοῦμαι (fut.)
*γνω + σκ > γινώσκω (pr.)
*γνω > γνῶσομαι (fut.)
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Practice & Exercises:
 Workbook
 Parsing
 Warm-up
p. 75
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.1 Imperfect – English usage
 Engl.
- one simple past tense – but two aspects
 Completed
 Continuous
I
was studying [continuous]
I
studied [completed]
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.2 Imperfect – Greek usage
 Gk. – two past tenses:
 Imperfect
 Continuous
action of the past
 Aorist
 Undefined
 Past
A
action of the past
time in Greek indicated by “augment”
prefix that is similar to “-ed” in English (cf. want-ed)
 λύω -- ἔλυον
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Primary and secondary endings:
 Primary
tenses – do not use augment
 Secondary
tenses – do use the augment
Four sets of
 Four
personal endings
Primary active (pr. act.)
Secondary active (impf. act.)
Primary passive (pr. pas.)
Secondary passive (impf. as.)
sets of personal endings of the Greek verb
 Other
tenses draw from these or their variation
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.3 Imperfect Active Indicative
 Augment
+ present tense stem + connecting vowel +
secondary active personal ending
ἐ+
λυ +
ο+
ν
>
ἔλυον
Augment pr. stem con. vow. Act. personal ending
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
Impf.act.ind. Form
Sg. 1
Sg. 2
Sg. 3
Pl. 1
Pl. 2
Pl. 3
ἔλυον
ἔλυες
ἔλυε(ν)
ἐλύομεν
ἐλύετε
ἔλυον
Translation
I was loosing
You were loosing
S/he/it was loosing
We were loosing
You were loosing
They were loosing
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.4 Imperfect Middle/Passive
 Augment
+ present tense stem + connecting vowel +
secondary passive personal ending
ἐ+
λυ +
ο+
μην
>
ἐλυόμην
Augment+pr. stem+ con. vow+pas. personal ending
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
Impf.mid/pas.
Form
Translation
Sg. 1
ἐλυόμην
ἐλύου
ἐλύετο
I was being loosed
ἐλυόμεθα
ἐλύεσθε
ἐλύοντο
We were being loosed
Sg. 2
Sg. 3
Pl.1
Pl. 2
Pl. 3
You were being loosed
S/he/it was being
loosed
You were being loosed
They were being loosed
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.5 Characteristics of Imperfect Verbs
2.5.1 Augment
 Indicates

past time
Ways to augment a verb:
1.) Verb begins with a consonant – epsilon [ἐ-]
 λύω  ἔλυον
2.) Verb begins with a single vowel – vowel lengthens
 ἀγαπάω  ἠγάπων
 Standard
patterns of vowel contractions apply (see p. 186)
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
3.) Verb begins with a diphthong - variation
 εὐχαριστέω  ηὐχαρίστουν [1st letter of diphthong]
 εὑρίσκω  εὕρισκον [ευ- verbs
Augment
ῃ <
ῃ <
ῳ <
generally do not change]
< Original
Augment < Original
αι
ηυ < αυ
ει
ηυ < ευ
οι
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.5.2 Compound Verbs
 Compound
 Generally
verb = preposition + verb
augment is placed b/w prep. and the verb
 καταβάινω  κατέβαινον
 περιπατέω  περιεπάτουν [exception
 ἐκβάλλω  ἐξέβαλλον
with περί-]
[exception with ἐκ-]
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
Contract verbs
ἀγαπάω
ποιέω
πληρόω
Sg. 1
ἠγάπων
ἐποίουν
ἐπλήρουν
Sg. 2
ἠγάπας
ἐποίεις
ἐπλήρους
Sg. 3
ἠγάπα
ἐποίει
ἐπλήρου
Pl. 1
ἠγαπῶμεν
ἐποιοῦμεν
ἐπληροῦμεν
Pl. 2
ἠγαπᾶτε
ἐποιεῖτε
ἐπληροῦτε
Pl. 3
ἠγάπων
ἐποίουν
ἐπλήρουν
Middle
Passive
Sg. 1
ἠγαπώμην
ἐποιοῦμην
ἐπληρούμην
Sg. 2
ἠγαπῶ
ἐποιοῦ
ἐπληροῦ
Sg. 3
ἠγαπᾶτο
ἐποιεῖτο
ἐπληροῦτο
Pl. 1
ἠγαπῶμεθα
ἐποιούμεθα
ἐπληρούμεθα
Pl. 2
ἠγαπᾶσθε
ἐποιεῖσθε
ἐπληροῦσθε
Pl. 3
ἠγαπῶντα
ἐποιοῦντο
ἐπλήροῦντο
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect
2.5.3 Imperfect of ἐιμί
Form
Translation
ἤμην
ἦς
I was
S/he/it was
Pl. 2
ἦν
ἦμεν / ἤμεθα
ἦτε
Pl. 3
ἦσαν
They were
Sg.1
Sg. 2
Sg. 3
Pl. 1
You were
We were
You were
Verbal Roots of the Future & Imperfect

Practice & Exercises:
 Workbook
p. 83
 Parsing
 Warm-up

Homework:
 p.
77, no: 8-10
 P. 84-84, no: 6, 8-10