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Coliform organisms Elvire Jacques, MD Environmental health Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1974 EPA regulates contaminants which may be health risks and which may be present in public drinking water supplies. Revisions 1986, 1996 Microbial indicator of fecal contamination Always found in warm-blooded animal feces Greater number than pathogens Cannot multiply in water Simple, reliable identification tests Increased resistance to disinfectants Dutka, Jrnl Environmental Health 36:39-46,1973 Coliform organisms Gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals Harmless Different species Escherichia coli Klebsiella species Enterobacter species Citrobacter species Proteus species Misc. EPA health goal Total coliforms = zero Legal limit on total coliforms Systems must not find coliforms in more than 5% of monthly samples to meet EPA's standards. If more, report violation to the state and the public Contaminant MCLG (mg/L) MCL or TT (mg/L) Health effects Source Cryptosporidium 0 TT GI illness Human and animal feces Giardia 0 TT GI illness Human and animal feces Legionella 0 TT Legionnaire’s disease water Total coliform (fecal colif and E. coli 0 5% Presence may indicate other harmful bacteria Environment Fecal colif. and E. coli from human and animal feces Viruses (enteric) 0 TT GI illness Soil runoff The presence of coliform bacteria in tap water suggests that the treatment system is not working properly or that there is a problem in the pipes Contamination, then what? Repair the disinfection/filtration equipment Flush or upgrade the distribution system Enact source water protection programs to prevent contamination. Total coliform positive Repeat samples within 24 hours Analyze for fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) Positive fecal coliform MCL violation State and public notification because of direct health risk. Water Treatment Agents Chlorine Ozone Sun Filtration systems Ozone treatment Water treatment plant Thank you