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The Trojan War (Literacy Lesson) The Trojan War has its roots in the marriage between Peleus and Thetis, a sea goddess. Peleus and Thetis had not invited Eris, the goddess of discord, to their marriage and the outraged goddess stormed into the wedding banquet and threw a golden apple onto the table. The table belonged to, Eris said, whom ever was the fairest. Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite each reached for the apple. Zeus proclaimed that Paris, prince of Troy and thought to be the most beautiful man alive, would act as the judge. Hermes went to Paris, and Paris agreed to act as the judge. Hera promised him power, Athena promised him wealth, and Aphrodite promised the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris chose Aphrodite, and she promised him that Helen, wife of Menelaus, would be his wife. Paris then prepared to set off for Sparta to capture Helen. In Sparta, Menelaus, husband of Helen, treated Paris as a royal guest. However, when Menelaus left Sparta to go to a funeral, Paris abducted Helen (who perhaps went willingly) and also carried off much of Menelaus’ wealth. In Troy, Helen and Paris were married. Greek Armament Menelaus, however, was outraged to find that Paris had taken Helen. Menelaus then called upon all of Helen’s old suitors, as all the suitors had made an oath long ago that they would all back Helen’s husband to defend her honor. Many of the suitors did not wish to go to war. Odysseus pretended to be insane but this trick was uncovered by Palamedes. Achilles, though not one of the previous suitors, was sought after because the seer Calchas had stated that Troy would not be taken unless Achilles would fight. Embassy to Priam Odysseus, known for his eloquence, and Menelaus were sent as ambassadors to Priam. They demanded Helen and the stolen treasure be returned. Priam refused, and Odysseus and Menelaus returned to the Greek ships with the announcement that war was inevitable. The War The first nine years of the war consisted of both war in Troy and war against the neighboring regions. The Greeks realized that Troy was being supplied by its neighboring kingdoms, so Greeks were sent to defeat these areas. The Greeks won many important battles and the Trojan hero Hector fell, as did the Trojan ally Penthesilea. However, the Greeks could not break down the walls of Troy. Helenus, son of Priam, had been captured by Odysseus. A prophet, Helenus told the Greeks that Troy would not fall unless: a) b) c) d) Pyrrhus, Achilles’ son, fought in the war, The bow and arrows of Hercules were used by the Greeks against the Trojans, The remains of Pelops, the famous Eleian hero, were brought to Troy, and The Palladium, a statue of Athena, was stolen from Troy (Tripp, 587) Phoenix persuaded Pyrrus to join the war. Philoctetes had the bow and arrows of Hercules, but had been left by the Greek fleet in Lemnos because he had been bitten by a snake and his wound had a horrendous smell. Philoctetes was bitter, but was finally persuaded to join the Greeks. The remains of Pelops were gotten, and Odysseus infiltrated Trojan defenses and stole the Palladium. The Trojan Horse Still seeking to gain entrance into Troy, clever Odysseus (some say with the aid of Athena) ordered a large wooden horse to be built. Its insides were to be hollow so that soldiers could hide within it. Once the statue had been built by the artist Epeius, a number of the Greek warriors, along with Odysseus, climbed inside. The rest of the Greek fleet sailed away, so as to deceive the Trojans. One man, Sinon, was left behind. When the Trojans came to marvel at the huge creation, Sinon pretended to be angry with the Greeks, stating that they had deserted him. He assured the Trojans that the wooden horse was safe and would bring luck to the Trojans. Only two people, Laocoon and Cassandra, spoke out against the horse, but they were ignored. The Trojans celebrated what they thought was their victory, and dragged the wooden house into Troy. That night, after most of Troy was asleep or in a drunken stupor, Sinon let the Greek warriors out from the house, and they slaughtered the Trojans. The Trojan War Study Guide: Complete the crossword puzzle as you read the assigned article. Once you have completed the crossword, begin working on extended writing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Across 3. Eris throws this into the wedding 4. pretended to be insane so as not to have to go to war 5. the great Trojan hero 6. Helen’s first husband 8. a prophet and the son of Priam 10. warned the Trojans about the horse 11. the judge of who is the most beautiful Down 1. What Athena promises the judge if he chooses her 2. What Hera promises the judge if he chooses her 5. what the inside of the big wooden horse was 7. the man Calchas stated must fight if Troy was to lose 8. What Aphrodite promises the judge if he chooses her 9. claimed that the Greeks deserted him Extended Writing: In your journal, write a 3 paragraph essay explain the story of the Iliad and the Trojan War. Explain what this story tells us about the values of beliefs of Ancient Greek culture.