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International Plant Protection Convention Couch Survey Identifications 14_EWGWoodHandicrafts_2014_Sept Agenda item: 4.1 Title: BMG Couch Survey Entomology Identifications Author: Bede McCarthy Date: 3 October 2006 Introduction The arthropod specimens collected in the couch survey included taxa directly associated the wood and bark inside the couch and various other taxa with no association with wood, which are likely to be local contamination. Most of the insects directly associated with wood found during the couch sampling were adults or larvae of wood-boring beetle families and subfamilies (Brentidae, Scolytinae, Cerambycidae, and Platypodinae). Termites (Isoptera) and carpenter ants (Camponotus sp.) were also found. Several of these groups contain species that are potential economic or environmental pests. This report includes a table containing information about all the entomology identifications, and biology and significance information about the taxa associated with wooden parts of the couches. Brentidae (Straight-snouted weevils) There was one Brentidae beetle found. Brentidae is a wood-boring beetle family. Brentidae females lay eggs in living, dying and recently felled hardwood trees, the larvae feed on the wood and on fungal mycelia (Arnett et al. 2002). Adults remain associated with wood, and can often be found beneath bark. Brentidae are considered to be of little or no economic importance (Wood 1982). Curculionidae Subfamily Scolytinae (Bark beetles) There were 13 scolytid beetles found. The subfamily Scolytinae includes species which feed directly on wood as larvae and species, which feed on ambrosia fungus associated with the wood (Arnett et al. 2002). Scolytid beetles go through a single generation on a tree, adults disperse soon after emerging from pupae (Arnett et al. 2002). The adults are known to congregate on a single tree and by attacking “enmasse” they overwhelm the tree’s ability to react to predation. Some level of social behaviour is exercised by some scolytid beetle species (Arnett et al. 2002). This beetle group contain many species that are significant forest pests around the world. Two specimens were identified to species, Xyleborinus saxeseni, is estblished in New Zealand and Xylosandrous crassiusculus, which is not established in New Zealand. The remaining specimens could not be identified beyond genus because of a lack of literature on Chinese scolytids. These genera include species found in both New Zealand and China. The genera identified have a wide host range, being polyphagous on either broadleaf trees or conifers. One genus, Xyleborinus, has a haplo-diploid genetic system similar to that of Hymenoptera where an unmated female can produce male offspring with which she can then mate to produce female offspring (Wood 1982). Subfamily Platypodinae (Ambrosia beetles) There were nine Platypodinae beetles found. Subfamily Platypodinae of the family Curculionidae, contains many species that are significant pests of wood and International Plant Protection Convention Page 1 of 3 14_EWGWoodHandicrafts_2014_Sep Couch Survey Identifications forestry. Platypodids can bore deeply into the wood causing considerable damage (Arnett et al. 2002). Sap-staining caused but secondary fungal infection adds to the physical damage from tunnelling caused by these beetles (May 1993). There were three genera of platypodinae that could be identified: Euplatypus, Crossotarsus, and Teptoplatypus. Crossotarsus, and Teptoplatypus each include a single species established in New Zealand, but there are no Euplatypus established. Each of the genera identified are simply listed as polyphagous. Of economic significance; of potential environmental significance. Cerambycidae (Longhorn beetles) There were 4 Cerambycidae beetles found. Cerambycid females lay eggs in cracks in wood or in bark. The larvae feed directly on the wood and may take several years to develop into an adult. Cerambycidae includes a number of serious pest species. Of economic significance; of potential environmental significance. Formicidae (Ants) A single nest of carpenter ants (Camponotus sp.) was found. Some carpenter ant species excavate wood when constructing nests. Carpenter ants are usually monogynous but a colony may occupy several nests at once. Wood-nesting Camponotus spp. can cause structural damage and as generalist predators and scavengers these ants are also potential environmental pests. Of potential economic significance; of potential environmental significance. Isoptera (Termites) One specimen of Macrotermes was found. Macrotermes are fungus growing termites. Rather than feeding directly on wood Macrotermes collect cellulose debris, which is used as a fungus growing medium and the fungus is consumed as food. Macrotermes sp. are considered pests of crops such as corn and maize in Africa but do not usually attack wooden structures. Of potential economic significance; of potential environmental significance. Other Insects Several other insects were found including carpet beetles (Anthrenus verbasci), silverfish (Thysanura: Lepismatidae), cockroaches (Blatodea: Blattidae), flies (Diptera), flower beetles (Sphaeroderma bayli) and pirate bugs (Anthocoridae). These are groups already present in New Zealand. In most cases identification to species was not possible due to the condition of the specimen or lack of literature. These specimens are possibly hitchhikers that have come with the couches, but in most cases they appear to be local contamination. Reference List Arnett, R. H., H. F. Thomas, et al. (2002). Polyphaga: Scarabaeidea through Curculionoidea, American Beetles. New York, CRC Press. May, B. M. (1993). Larvae of Curculionidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview, Fauna of New Zealand #28., Manaaki Whenua Press. Wood, S. L. (1982). The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a Taxonomic monograph, Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. Provo, Utah, Bringham Young University. Page 2 of 3 International Plant Protection Convention Couch Survey Identifications 14_EWGWoodHandicrafts_2014_Sep Order Family Genus Species Arthropoda Undetermined Arthropoda Undetermined Blattodea Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Coleoptera Diptera Diptera Diptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Isoptera Lepidoptera Thysanura Indet. Indet. Blattidae Brentidae Cerambycidae Cerambycidae Cerambycidae Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae Curculionidae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Platypodinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Curculionidae:Scolytinae Dermestidae Calliphoridae Drosophilidae Undetermined Anthocoridae Formicidae Termitidae Noctuidae Lepismatidae Indet. Indet. Indet. Cyphagogus Indet. Indet. Indet. Xylotrechus Sphaeroderma Indet. Crossotarsus Euplatypus Indet. Indet. Indet. Indet. Indet. Indet. Treptoplatypus Coptodryas Indet. Indet. Indet. Indet. Indet. Ips Xyleborinus Xyleborus Xyleborus Xylosandrous Xylosandrus Xylosandrus Anthrenus Calliphora Indet. Indet. Cardiastethus Camponotus Macrotermes Indet. Indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. magnicolis bayli indet. sp. sp. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. sp. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. saxeseni sp. sp. indet. crassiusculus indet. verbasci vicina indet. indet. indet. sp. indet. indet. indet. Established in New Zealand Unsure Unsure Unsure not NZ sp. No not NZ sp. not NZ sp. No Yes Unsure Unsure Unsure No Unsure Yes Yes Yes No No Dead/Alive Accession numnber Dead 0920062929 Dead 0920062931 Dead 0920062908 Dead 0920062904 Dead 0920062920 Dead 0920062920 Dead 0920062921 Dead 0920062920 Dead 0920062976 Dead 0920062904 Dead 0920062908 Dead 0920062911 Dead 0920062905 Dead 0920062907 Dead 0920062909 Dead 0920062904 Dead 0920062904 Dead 0920062970 Dead 0920062924 Dead 0920062909 Dead 0920062906 Dead 0920062907 Dead 0920062921 Dead 0920062924 Dead 0920062972 Dead 0920062904 Dead 0920062907 Dead 0920062926 Dead 0920062931 Dead 0920062925 Dead 0920062911 Dead 0920062982 Dead 0920062905 Dead 0920062905 Dead 0920062921 Dead 0920062970 Alive 0920062932 Dead 0920062926 Dead 0920062982 Dead 0920062905 Dead 0920062908 International Plant Protection Convention Sample 34 13,13B 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D,E 49, 49B 52,52B,52C,52D 52,52B,52C,52D 50A, 50B, 50C 52,52B,52C,52D 3A,3B,3C 49, 49B 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D,E 27A,27B 17A, 17B, 17C 23A, 23B, 23C 24A,24B 49, 49B 49, 49B 2A,2B,2C 37A,37B,37C 24A,24B 12A, 12B,12C,12D 23A, 23B, 23C 50A, 50B, 50C 37A,37B,37C 51,51B 49, 49B 23A, 23B, 23C 46,46B,46C 13,13B 32,32B,32C 27A,27B 18 17A, 17B, 17C 17A, 17B, 17C 50A, 50B, 50C 2A,2B,2C 36A,B,C,D,E,F 46,46B,46C 18 17A, 17B, 17C 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D,E Page 3 of 3
