Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Paper 1 — Option B5: Development of Dictatorship: Germany, 1918-45 Key themes and contents coverage The establishment of the Weimar Republic and its early problems The German Revolution of 1918 o The impact of WW1: economic, political, psychological o The impact of military defeat on the western front o Revolution from below: the popular uprising and the establishment of Soldiers’, Sailors’ and Workers’ Councils o Revolution from above: the establishment of a civilian government, the SPD takeover, the Kaiser’s abdication o The deal done between Ebert and the army The strengths and weaknesses of the new Constitution. o PR o Number of parties, weakness of right wing parties; coalition governments o Article 48 o Lack of support from the army, civil service and the old right Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles. o Why the Weimar government had to sign o Why Versailles seemed so harsh: German expectations (14 points, democracy in Germany); the way the treaty was imposed; terms of the treaty o How the treaty led to revival of the Right: the 1920 election; the far right (see below) The threat from the extreme right and left o The Spartacist Rising; Munich; the Ruhr; Saxony o The Freikorps; the Kapp Putsch; the campaign of political assassinations; the Munich Putsch The Crises of 1923 o French occupation of the Ruhr. o Causes and effects of hyperinflation; who benefitted and who lost; long term impact on the Weimar Republic Other useful names o o o o o Kaiser Wilhelm II Ebert Hindenburg Ludendorff Luxemburg and Leibknecht Other useful terms the stab in the back diktat DNVP, DVP, DDP, Centre Party, SDP, Communists Spartacists, Independent Socialists Organisation Consul (the Feme) Issues Why was there a revolution in 1918? Why was the survival of the Weimar republic under threat 191923? Why did the Weimar Republic survive 1919-23? Key themes and contents coverage Other useful names The recovery of Germany, 1924-29 The Stresemann era. Economic Recovery? The Rentenmark, Dawes and Young Plans and the recovery of the German economy; reliance on US loans and investement Other useful terms o Fulfilment o Diplomatic normalization? League of Nations, Locarno Treaties and KelloggBriand Pact. Political Recovery? The role of Stresemann, the election of Hindenburg, the 1928 election Weimar Germany’s Golden Years? Weimar Culture, the rise of Berlin, opposition to Weimar decadence The rise of Hitler and the Nazis to 1928 Hitler and the German Workers’ Party: the impact and aftermath of the war and the far right in Munich Changes to the party 1920-22: the 25 point programme, Hitler’s leadership, creation of the SA and the growth of the party in Munich Causes, events and results of Munich Putsch, 1923. Reorganisation of the Party, 1924-28; ‘legality’, Mein Kampf, the Nazis as leaders of the extreme Right, failure in the 1928 election Nazi ideology Drexler Goebbels Göring Röhm The Nazi Rise to Power 1929-33 Impact of Wall Street Crash and Great Depression: o Economic Impact: withdrawal of US loans and investments; collapse of economy and rise in unemployment; banking crisis of 1931; how Brüning made things worse o Impact of unemployment o Political impact: death of Stresemann, collapse of the Big Coalition, appointment of Brüning; 1930 election, dependence on Article 48, Brüning’s failure to tackle the Great Depression Oskar von Hindenburg Otto Meisner Gregor Strasser The Hindenburg cabal Cabinet of barons The 1929 campaign against the Young Plan ‘We have hired him’ Rise of Nazi vote o 1930 election, 1932 elections: the Nazi vote, the negative majority o Who voted Nazi? o Nazi messages o Nazi methods: electoral methods and machine, role of the SA, role of Hugenburg and big business Issues o Grossdeutchland Lebensraum Volksgemeinschaft Master Race Untermenschen National Socialism Führerprinzip ‘Hitler, Our Last Hope’ ‘Politics of anxiety’ Flight over Germany Mittelstand North German Plain Why did the Stresemann era see a recovery in Germany? How far was there a recovery in the Stresemann era? Why did the Nazis become the most prominent of the parties on the extreme Right? Why did the Great Depression transform German politics? Why did the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1932? Why did Hitler become Chancellor in 1933? REMEMBER! The Great Depression (1930 onwards) was NOT the same thing as hyperinflation(1923) Key themes and contents coverage Other useful names Other useful terms ‘Helped into power’: the events of 1932 to January 1933, including: o 1932 Presidential election, Brüning’s sacking and the von Papen government o July 1932 election, Hitler’s ‘all or nothing’ demands, fall of von Papen o Von Schleicher’s government, how Hindenburg was persuaded to make Hitler chancellor Life in Nazi Germany Setting up the Nazi dictatorship There were only three Nazis in the Cabinet; Hitler’s aim of an Enabling Law freeing him from reliance on Article 48; how Hitler was still vulnerable to Hindenburg, the army and the Old Right The Reichstag Fire Enabling Act Gleichschaltung: the creation of a one-party state; coordination of the state machine and legal system; Nazification of German life and institutions creation of a police state and the role of the SS Goebbels and propaganda Night of the Long Knives; Hindenburg’s death and Hitler as Führer Nazi policies towards: Women the young: Hitler Youth; education system the Jews: including early discrimination (such as the boycott), Nuremberg Laws, radicalization from 1937 and Kristallnacht the Churches: including the Concordat and increasing persecution of the Cathloic Church, the German Christians, the German Faith Movement, the Confessional Church Nazi economic policies (The New Plan, Göring’s Four Year Plan) Recovery and reducing unemployment: public works, Reich Labour Service, rearmament and conscription. Rearmament (the failure to achieve a war economy) Were Germans better or worse off under the Nazis? How the Nazis wanted to help the mittelstand and rural Germany, but actually helped big business The Nazis and the workers: living standards and real wages, the DAF and closer control, Strength through Joy (KdF), labour shortage by 1938 Issues REMEMBER! The Nazis never won a majority, their peak vote was never higher than 37% Himmler Heydrich Baldur von Schriach Robert Ley Hjamlmar Schacht Reichstag Fire Decree (Decree for the Protection of the People and State); ‘protective custody’ Minister President of Prussia (Göring) Day of Potsdam Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service Law Against the Formation of Parties Reichstathalter Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer Ministry of Propaganda People’s Receiver Nuremberg rallies Reich chamber of Culture Triumph of the Will Berlin Olympics autobahns Gestapo and the SD Concentration Camps BDM; Nazi Women’s League Understand how Hitler was able to remove opposition and establish a dictatorship of the Nazi Party in the years 1933-34. Understand the changes brought about by the Nazis in the lifestyles of the young, women and the Jews and in the position of the Protestant and Roman Catholic Churches. Key themes and contents coverage The impact of the Second World War on Germany Nazi policies towards the Jews: how the conquest of Poland and the war in the East radicalized Nazi policy towards Jews, including ghettos and the Einsatzgruppen; the Final Solution Nazi persecution and murder of other minorities and nationalities, including gypsies, untermenschen, Poles and Soviet citizens The German Home Front: the initial failure to create a war economy and the move to total war in 1943; slave labour; impact of Stalingrad and looming defeat; allied air raids; impact on women; the flight from the east and defeat in 1945 The growth of opposition to Hitler: Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates, White Rose group; individual acts of opposition (eg Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Cardinal Galen); the July Bomb Plot, 1944. Lack of other resistance, how Germany fought to the very end Defeat and Hitler’s death. Other useful names Eichmann Höss Speer Von Stauffenberg Other useful terms Issues Warsaw Ghetto Wannsee Conference Babi Yar Death camps: eg Chelmno, Treblinka Auschwitz Belsen Holocaust Aktion T-4 Zyklon B Jewish resitance: the Warsaw Ghetto, Auschwitz To know the effects of the Second World War on Nazi policies towards the Jews and on the home front in Germany. Hamburg 1943, Dresden 1945 Volkssturm The Wolf’s Lair The Berlin bunker To identify the reasons for Hitler’s downfall and death.