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Origins of the Global Jihad Join The Caravan • • • • Abdullah Azzam, Godfather of Jihad Afghan Arabs organiser Maktab al-Khidamat “Jihad and the rifle alone. No conferences, no dialogue, no negotiations” Causation? • • • • The Rise and Fall of Political Islam 1924 End of the Caliphate Hassan al Banna, Sayid Qutb Failure of Arab Nationalism, the absence of a unification narrative • Quietening of the Islamists • “Islamist movements have been in part secularized by the political process, where political logic has trumped religious logic” Causation • Existing explanations focus either on very specific issues of the modern era or timeless metanarratives • Poverty • Authoritarian regimes • US (Western) foreign policy • The Jewish state • Globalisation and modernity • Culture and values • Clash of Civilisations • Rejection of the Contemporary International Order • Rejection of a divided ‘spiritual’ umma • Rejection of secular and illegitimate governance Objectives • Unity and Legitimacy • (1) A unified Islamic community ruled by religiously sanctioned governance is the solution to all grievances • (2) The US and the international system are major obstacles to that realisation. Ijtihad and Islamic Reformation • • • • • • • • • Closing the ‘Gates of Ijtihad’ Ibn Taymiyya 14th C Ibn Wahhab 18th C Jamal al din al Afghani 19th C Stagnation of Islamic Society Co-option of the Ulema Ijtihad – Personal Reasoning Who can interpret religious texts? Preisthood of the individual Four Pillars of Salafi Jihadist Ideology • Jahiliyya (Ignorance of God’s will) – The problem that should be resolved • Salafism (Looking to the early period of Islam for guidance) – The solution to the problem • Higra (Emigration to form a jihadist community) – The preparation to bring the solution • Jihad ( war directed against enemies) – the action to bring the solution Al Qaeda (The Base) • Founded 1988 • 2001 merger with Egyptian Islamic Jihad forming "Qaeda al-Jihad“ • Bin Laden the organiser • Zawahiri the thinker 1998 Fatwa • [The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies— civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah‘ • (1978) Saur Revolution, anti communist insurrection • (1979–89) Soviet–Afghan War • (1989–92) Afghan Civil War– collapse of Communist Najibullah government • (1992–96) Afghan Civil War • (1996–2001) Taliban majority control • (2001) Coalition intervention Mobile Jihad • Bin Laden returns to Saudi following Soviet Withdrawal • Gulf War 1: UBL offers to protect Saudi Arabia with mujahedeen forces • 1992-96 banished to Sudan • 1993 Oslo Peace Accords • 1996 crackdown on EIJ and expulsion on UBL following assassination attempt on Mubarak • Sudanese government offers to extradite UBL • 1996 seeks refuge with the Taliban Meanwhile in Afghanistan • Islamic State of Afghanistan • 1992 Peshawar Accords agreed to by all parties except Hekmatyar, supported by Pakistani Inter Services intelligence • Government led by Ahmed Shah Masood • Civil War commences again with Hekmatyar supported by Pakistan Origins of the Taliban • Began as a religious political group • In 1994, local governor abducted two girls, shaved their heads, and taken them to a camp where they were raped. 30 Taliban freed the girls, and hanged the governor from the barrel of a tank. • 100s of fighters trained in Pakistan join the group as it makes a bid to gain control of the country. • Supported by ISI as a pro-Pakistan movement. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan • By 1996 the Taliban control most of Afghanistan and form a government recognised only by Pakistan, Saudi, UAE • The Northern Alliance, composed of ethnic Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras serves as the major resistance. • Bin Laden returns Afghanistan Post 9/11 • 10 September 2001, Ahmed Shah Masood Assassinated • US demand Taliban give up UBL • NATO and allied invasion October 2001