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Feed Additives ANS 336 Lecture 7 2/02/2001 Feed Additives - Defined • As ingredients or combinations of ingredients added to the basic feed mix or parts thereof to fulfill a specific need. • Usually used in micro quantities and requires careful handling and mixing. Feed Additives- Cont’d • Many classified as a drug. • A substance, – Intended for use in the diagnosis, cure mitigation and treatment or prevention of diseases in animals. – Other than food intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of an animal. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine • Regulates use of Feed additives • Clearance for testing of new feed additives requires obtaining an investigational new animal drug (INAD) to test a product. • New animal drug Application( NADA) is required to market a product. • Clearance IS required to use feed additives. FDA • Form 1900 required for human risk drugs. • Category I – safest to use, no withdrawal period required. • Category II – no residues allowed, withdrawal period required. Delaney Clause - 1958 • Congress passed the Delaney Clause in 1958 – Zero Tolerance. • No substance can be used as a feed additive, even in minute amounts, if it has been in any way implicated as an inducer of cancer in either human or beast. Examples of Feed Additives • Antibiotics – Compound produced by microorganisms that inhibits the growth of microorganisms. – Examples of claims that can be listed on label. • • • • Improves performance (rate of gain). Improves feed efficiency or feed conversion. Increases growth rate. Increases milk production. Examples of Feed Additives – cont’d • Arsenicals – Controls parasites • Nitrogurans – Antimicrobial compound that is produced more by a microorganism. • Sulfas – Antimicrobials – Residue problems, usage has been decreased. Additives Hormone like products • Melengestrol acetate (MGA) – When fed to heifers to suppresses estrus – When fed to regulated estrus cycle. • Implants – Ralgro – Synovex • Somatotropin (rBST) – Increases milk production – Improves fertility ? Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency • In general, Antibiotics are fed to reduce the incidence of Subclinical levels of bacterial infections of the digestive and respiratory tracts - thus credited with improved rate of gain and feed efficiency. Partial list……. – Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin – Lasalocid, Monensin, Penicillin Growth Promoting • Chemotherapeutic – An inorganic or organic compound that inhibits the growth of organisms but is not produced by a living organism. • • • • Arsanilic acid – chicken and swine Carbadox - swine Ipronidazole - turkey Roxarsone – turkey and chicken Medicinal Uses • Coccidiostats – Prevent and treat Coccidiosis – Chickens and Calves. – Monensin - cattle, chickens and turkey – Lasalocid – chickens, sheep turkeys – Amprolium cattle - chickens and turkeys • Histostats – For protozoan disease affecting turkey – High mortality less than 12 weeks of age. – Nitarsone Medicinal Uses – cont’d • Enteritis, Diarrhea, Dysentery – – – – – – Carbadox – swine Chlortetracycline – cattle, swine and chickens Roxarsone – swine Oxytetracycline – cattle, sheep, swine, chickens Penicillin – chickens and turkeys Arsanilic Acid - swine Medicinal Uses – cont’d • Antelmintic (worming) Agents – Fenbendazole (Safe-Guard) – swine and cattle – Invermectrin (Ivomec) – swine cattle – Levamisole hydrochloride(Tramisol) - cattle and swine – Tumatel – cattle – Thiabendazole (TBZ) – cattle, sheep, swine Misc. functions of Feed Additives • Enterotoxemia (overeating) disease in Sheep – Tetracyclines. • Fly control – Methoprene – cattle – Rabon – cattle, horse, sheep and swine • Bloat – Poloxalene Medicinal Uses cont’d • Ketosis – Propylene glycol dairy cattle • Foot rot – Chlortetracycline • Stress – Tetracyclines – cattle, chicken, turkey – Erythromycin - chickens Other Feed Additives • Buffers – Chemical compounds that lessen the decrease in pH caused by volatile fatty acid without causing any major increase in ruminal pH. • pH = negative log10 of the hydrogen [ ], expressed in moles per liter. – Scale where 7 is neutral and anything below is acid and anything above is alkaline. Other Feed Additives cont’d • Buffers cont’d – – – – – – – Sodium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide Sodium Bentonite Lime – Feeding lime Other Feed Additives • Antioxidants – compounds that prevent rancidity of unsaturated fats. – – – – Ethoxyquin Vitamin E Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) • Chemical Preservatives – – – – – Ascorbic acid Sodium nitrate Sorbic acid Citric Acid Sodium nitrate Other Feed Additives • Pellet binding Agents – – – – – Bentonite (calcium or sodium) Ball clay Lignin sulfonate Hemicellulose extract Molasses Other Feed Additives • Probiotics – Consist of specific microbial cultures or ingredients or both that stimulate cultures capable of modifying the gastrointestinal environment to favor healthy tissue development. – Lactobacillus – Streptococcus – Fungi (yeast and molds) – Aspergillus – Bacillus Other Feed Additives • Probiotics (reasons for use) – – – – – – Increase or balance the beneficial intestinal bacteria Reduce toxic by products of digestion Reduce intestinal pH Improve appetite Alleviate symptoms of STRESS Used in Foals, dairy calves/lactating dairy cows,growing/adult horse, incoming feedlot cattle, sick pens newborn beef calves newborn pigs and various pets. Other Feed Additives – Hormone like Products • Melengestrol Acetate (MGA) – Synthesised steroid that is closely related structurally to progesterone (P4) – Not effective in pregnant or spayed heifers or in steers. – Growth stimulation (6-8%) claimed – Improved feed efficiency (5-7%) claimed – Suppression of estrus and elevated estrogen – stimulates release of growth hormone. Other Feed Additives - Implants • Implant is a substance implanted into the animal body and designed for slow but constant release for growth promotion, improved feed efficiency or control of a physiological function. – Ralgro – improve gain beef and sheep (8 –12 %) claimed. Effective 70 – 110 days. – Increases secretion of growth hormone promotes skeletal growth without deposition of fat. – Synovex (Implus-S,H,C) Estrodiol benzoate, progesterone, testosterone, • Not for veal calves or animals raised for breeding purposes Other Feed Additives • Compudose – drug impregnated silicone rubber implant – Improves rate of gain 15-20 % claimed. • Finaplix (S and H) - implanted pellet • Synthetic androgens • 5-10 % improved gain • Revelor - implant pellet Other Feed Additives • Bovine Somatotropin (BST) – POSILAC commercial recombinant rBST (FDA approved Feb 1994). • 500 mg or 36mg/cow/day – Cannot be administered orally – Subcutaneous injection of rBST every 14 days starting day 63 postpartum. – Average increases of 8 to 10 lbs per day – Delayed dry matter intake – Require the same nutritional needs as nonsupplemented cows. Summary • Feed additives must be used according to label. • Stiff fines for non compliance. • For best results use as directed. • Protect your market and livelihood.