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ONCOLOGY Oncology is the study of tumours. A tumour is an abnormal swelling, which consists of dividing cells that appear to be out of control. There are two types of tumours: (i) A benign tumour is one that does not infiltrate or metastasise and is unlikely to recur once removed. Benign tumours are usually surrounded by a fibrous capsule and are described as encapsulated. These tumours are usually insitu, meaning they are restricted to the area they started growing and do not invade neighbouring tissue and they do not threaten life. (ii) A malignant tumour is invasive and destroys the tissues it invades. It can spread to neighbouring tissues and to more distant sites through the blood and the lymphatic systems. If a tumour spreads it is said to be metastatic and the spread to other tissues is called metastasis (plural metastases) or secondaries. The original tumour site is called the primary tumour. Malignant tumours are also referred to as cancers or carcinomas. Carcin Combining form Carcin/o Hist Hist/o Tissue Onc Onc/o Tumour / mass Papill Papill/o Sarc/o Nipple-like / optic disc Sarcomat/o Sarcoma, malignant tumour Term or word part Sarc Sarcoma Meaning Malignant tumour/cancer Fleshy growth / fleshy connective tissue -cele Hernia / swelling / protrusion -oma Tumour Condition of growth/formation (increase in number of cells) Outer layer of skin and lines hollow organs, except blood and lymph vessels -plasia Epithelial tissue The process of tumour formation is also known as neoplasia. The suffix –oma used by itself in combination with a tissue type, indicates a benign tumour eg, osteoma – benign bone tumour. Malignant tumours are also designated by –oma but they are usually preceded by the word malignant. Treatment for tumours is either by one or all of the following: 1. Surgery where the tumour and affected tissues are removed 2. Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease using chemicals. Drugs are given to try to shrink or destroy the tumour. Side effects of chemotherapy may include nausea and alopecia or hair loss. 3. Radiotherapy is the treatment of disease using ionising radiation. If the tumour tissue is radiosensitive it will be reduced or destroyed by the radiation. If it is radioresistant it will not be affected by the radiation. If a tumour is destroyed by radiotherapy it is said to be radio curable. ONCOLOGY Page 1 of 4 Activity 1 Build words which mean 1. Formation of a tumour _______________________________________________________ 2. Person who specialises in the study and treatment of tumours _________________________ Write the meaning of: 3. carcinogenic ________________________________________________________________ 4. chondrosarcoma _____________________________________________________________ 5. meningeal sarcoma ___________________________________________________________ 6. haemangiosarcoma __________________________________________________________ Abbreviations BCC Basal cell carcinoma Bx Biopsy Ca Cancer / carcinoma CIS Carcinoma in situ FS Frozen section KS Kaposi's sarcoma (found in terminal stages of diseases such as AIDS) N Nodes Defines the number of lymph nodes that have been invaded. Eg. N1 = tumour has spread to one lymph node draining the area. Metastases Indicates presence or absence of metastases and the degree and extent. N1, N2, N3, N4 M M1, M2, M3, M4 SCC Squamous cell carcinoma SM Simple mastectomy T Tumour T0 No evidence of primary tumour TIS Tumour in situ Categorizes the primary tumour and its size. Eg t2 = primary tumour is large and has spread to deeper structures. T1, T2, T3, T4 Neoplasms (new growths) malignant and benign: Basal cell carcinoma (bcc) Commonest form of skin cancer, internal layer of skin, malignant. Slow growing Malignant melanoma (mm) Highly malignant tumour usually occurring in skin, but also found in the eye and mucous membranes ONCOLOGY Page 2 of 4 Myeloma Malignant disease of the bone marrow Naevus Birthmark, mole etc. (benign) Neoplasm Any new or abnormal growth, benign or malignant Neoplasm - benign Not invasive or metastatic Neoplasm - invasive Infiltrates and destroys surrounding tissue Neoplasm - metastatic Capable of secondary growth distant from primary tumour Papilloma Benign nipple like growth on the skin Poly- Many / much Sarcoma Cancer of the connective tissue, bone fat, muscle, blood and cartilage Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) - Malignant tumour, upper layer of skin Staging The extent of malignant disease defined by categories. Staging defines the size of tumour, its growth and progression at any one point Conditions and Terms: Anaplasia Loss of normal cell characteristics (usually tumour) Benign tumour Non-invasive tumour, not life threatening Cachexia Is term used to describe someone in the late stages of chronic disease especially cancer. The patient is weak, very thin, the eyes are sunken, the skin yellowish and pale. A progressive state of malnutrition: emaciation Cancer Malignant tumour, carcinoma, sarcoma Carcinogen Is a substance that stimulates the formation of a malignant tumour. Carcinoma Is a malignant tumour of epithelial origin. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Carcinoma that has not spread from its original anatomical location, primary site Encapsulated Enclosed in a capsule or sheath Erythroplasia Red patches that may signal a malignant change in mucous membrane Extracapsular Outside of the capsule ONCOLOGY Page 3 of 4 Fungating tumours Grow rapidly and produce fungus-like growths. These often occur in the late stages of malignant tumours. Hodgkin's disease Malignant disease of lymphatic tissues Leukoplakia White patches that may signal a malignant change in mucous membrane Malignant tumour Invasive tumour, life threatening Metastasis (metastases - plural) Secondary site, the distant spread of malignant tumours via the blood or lymphatic system or across body cavities (spread of original tumour) Papillary Nipple like or wart like projection of cells Polyp A tumour of the mucous membrane. Polyps are usually premalignant that is, they are likely to become malignant if left to grow. Primary tumour Original tumour Remission Subsidence of symptoms of a disease for a long time Sarcoma Is a malignant tumour of the connective tissue cells that can affect lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, muscle or bones. ONCOLOGY Page 4 of 4