Download A Study of Image Stereography Display and

A Study of Image Stereography Display and Techniques
Harsh Pratap Singh
Assist. Professor
SSSUTMS, Sehore
ABSTRACT
Stereographic image is the art of interpretation of 3-d image
by combing the pair of 2-d image. It is widely used area of
transmission, storage and standardization matters associated
to stereo imaging. The stereography is a method to produce
stereographic video, images and films. The stereography
method uses different equipment to form images such as,
stereo camera, and single camera with or without any
attachment and different technique also comprises to develop
stereo image. This paper, discusses about the overview of
stereography techniques and different kinds of photography to
form stereo images.
Keywords
Setereography, Video, stereo image, photography, camera
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most astonishing properties of the human
vision system is its capability to undergo the depth of
the scenes being viewed.
Stereography is the
knowledge (typically) of rendering a 3-d image in the
mind of the viewer by using a pair of 2-d images. The
word "stereo" instigated from the Greek and meaning is
that "relating to space". Nowadays, as we talk about
stereo, we generally refer to stereophonic sound. At
first, the term was connected with stereoscopic pictures,
which were either strained or photographed. In order to
evade confusion with stereophonic sound, one at
present often talks about 3D pictures and particularly
3D-film, where 3D, of course, stands for threedimensional. This is made probable by a process named
stereopsis. The procedure takes benefit of the binocular
nature of human vision - each eye perceives a slightly
dissimilar 2-dimensional image, and the brain uses the
differences to renovate the third dimension, regularly
called depth. Stereography impersonates this process.
By "tricking" each eye into viewing a different image,
where each image corresponds to the same scene but
from somewhat dissimilar angles, the brain will rebuild
the third dimension just as in normal binocular vision.
There are numerous ways of accomplishing it. This
easy geometrical arrangement has significant
consequence: because the world shows dissimilar from
any of these viewpoints, the image we distinguish of the
world is never recorded straight by any sensory array,
but constructed by our neural hardware. On the other
hand, it is probable to motivate our sense of stereo
vision synthetically by acquiring two pictures of the
same scene and afterward presenting the left image to
the left eye and right image to the right eye, consent to
the brain to mingle them mutually for three-dimensional
Rashmi Singh
Assist. Professor
RITS, Bhopal
(3D) perception. The skill and science of capturing,
storing, editing, transmitting and exhibiting such ‘still’
and ‘moving’ images is defined as stereo imaging. [1]
The most primitive interests in stereo imaging were
directed on stereo photography. The invention of the
first binocular camera by Sir David Brewster in 1949
resulted in a gigantic trade in stereoscopes and stereo
images. The initiation of London Stereoscopic and
Photographic Company in 1850 and the growth of the
Stereoscopic Society in 1893 are considered two
untimely milestones in stereo imaging. as a result, with
the 3D movie craze of the early 1950’s and the wonder
of holography in the 1960’s, the excitement about the
feeling of depth and reality grew exponentially, leading
research teams around the world to explore the
possibilities of making free viewing, “ultimate 3D
experience” systems. After the rapid development of the
computer graphics industry in the 1990’s, there was a
general realization that the two-dimensional projections
of three-dimensional scenes, traditionally referred to as
"three-dimensional computer graphics", are insufficient
for inspection, navigation, and comprehension of some
types of multivariate data. For such data, the often
neglected human depth cues of stereopsis, motion
parallax and to a lesser extent, ocular accommodation,
are essential for an image understanding. In this paper,
we present the literature study of image stereography
techniques and its types. The organization of the
remaining section is arranged in this way: Section II
discusses about the literature work. In section III
discusses about the image display of stereoscopy and
Section IV present types of image stereography &
different techniques of stereography and last concludes
the whole paper.
Fig. 1 Image stereography process
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2. RELATED WORK
Chuang et al [2] proposed a novel projection
model for mapping a hemisphere to a plane. Such a
model can be functional for viewing wide-angle images.
Their model consists of two steps. In the initial step, the
hemisphere is anticipated onto a swung surface
constructed by a spherical profile and a rounded
rectangular trajectory. The subsequent step maps the
projected image on the swung surface onto the image
plane throughout the perspective projection. They also
proposed a method for robotically determining proper
parameters for the projection model based on image
content. The proposed model has numerous advantages.
It is uncomplicated, proficient and simple to control.
Most prominently, it makes a better conciliation among
distortion minimization and line preserving than
accepted projection models, such as stereographic and
Panini projections. Experiments and analysis make
obvious that the effectiveness of their model.
Antoine et al. [3] oppressed the continuous
wavelet transform (CWT) on the two-dimensional
sphere S2, introduced formerly by two of us, to
fabricate associated discrete wavelet frames. They
initially explore half-continuous frames, i.e., frames
where the position remnants a continuous variable, and
then move on to a fully discrete theory. They introduced
the notion of controlled frames, which reflects the
scrupulous nature of the underlying theory, in
scrupulous the apparent divergence between dilation
and the compactness of the S2 manifold. They also
highlight some implementation issues and present
numerical illustrations.
Sochan et al. [4] offered a tool for online
compression and streaming of stereoscopic video and
images and contemplation on adaptation of the video
stream to network conditions. The software consent to
to use dissimilar encoding schemes for video
compression and streams the stereo frames using UDP
protocol. They give measurements of the frame delays
in the transmission for diverse codec configurations.
Hwang et al. [5] anticipated a novel
directional backlight system based on volumeholographic optical elements (VHOEs). Now, VHOEs
are employed to organize the direction of light for a
time-multiplexed display for each of the left and the
right view. Those VHOEs are fabricated by recording
interference patterns among collimated reference beams
and diverging object beams for each of the left and right
eyes on the volume holographic recording substances.
For this, self-developing photopolymer films (Bayfol
HX) were used, since those abridge the manufacturing
process of VHOEs substantially. At this time, the
directional lights are analogous to the collimated
reference beams that were used to record the VHOEs
and create two diffracted beams analogous to the object
beams used for recording the VHOEs. Subsequently,
those diffracted beams read the left and right images
alternately exposed on the LCD panel and form two
converging viewing zones in front of the user's eyes. By
this he can distinguish the 3-D image. Speculative
predictions and experimental consequences are
presented and the performance of the developed
prototype is exposed.
Chen et al. [6] developed a beam splitter based
on a holographic optical ingredient in polymer
dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) to engender a
stereogram. To engender a stereogram on a liquid
crystal panel, a beam splitter is principally required to
direct the image on odd pixels to reproduce to right eye,
and direct the image on even pixels to disseminate to
left eye of the spectator. The commercial method to
stimulate the obligatory beam splitter is using a barrier
or a ventricular array. The former method may lessen
the brightness of the stereogram, and the later method
may stimulate more cross talk noise. Instead of that,
they proposed a novel technology for a beam splitter
based holography. The whole beam splitter is a
holographic optical element composited of plentiful
sub-holograms attached on each column pixels. The odd
column pixels are marked with R and even column
pixels are marked with L. The sub-holograms above the
odd column pixels will diffract the images revealed on
R column pixels to proliferate to right eye, and subholograms above the even column pixels will diffract
the images shown on L column pixels to proliferate to
left eye.
They find these two images can be separated
successfully. The diffraction effectiveness for each
image is about 40% in our experimental element, and
consequently the brightness of the stereogram is about
40% of the original brightness on panel. The brightness
performance is much superior to the barrier technology,
which produce stereogram with low brightness only
23% of the inventive brightness on panel.
Feng et al. [9] developed a method for extending
existing image warping algorithms to stereoscopic
images. This technique divides stereoscopic image
warping into three steps. Our method first applies the
user-specified warping to one of the two images. Our
method then computes the target disparity map
according to the user specified warping. The target
disparity map is optimized to pre-serve the perceived
3D shape of image content after image warping. Their
method lastly warps the other image using a spatiallyvarying warping method guided by the target disparity
map. The experiments demonstrated that their technique
enables existing warping methods to be efficiently
applied to stereoscopic images, ranging from parametric
global warping to non-parametric spatially-varying
warping.
3. STERIEOSCOPIC IMAGE DISPLAY
Stereo vision developed hundreds of millions of years
before in invertebrates as a significant survival method.
The primary definitive manifestation of stereovision in
insects was just accomplished by a Swiss researcher
who glued minute prisms to the eyes of a praying
mantis, which then missed its quarry by precisely the
2
calculated quantity. Humans have become so
genetically deteriorate that severe visual problems
including loss of stereo perception are common [7]. The
immense majority has good depth perception but
sophisticated tests show broad variations. The
individual variations in stereovision should be of
imperative concern in the creation and use of stereo
systems but are typically completely ignored. As with
every one other physiological system, stereovision may
recover swiftly with use, both short term and long term.
Repeated use of a stereo display can lead to more
express fusion and larger comfort. Apart from for a only
some persons who practice frequently with a wide
assortment of stereo displays and images, it is not
probable to appraise a stereo display system or image
by casual examination. As with any other parameter, a
haphazardly selected individual may be numerous
standard deviations from the mean in either direction
including perhaps 10% who have severe problems with
stereo under whichever conditions and 10% who
qualify as stereo prodigies due to their quick, prolonged
and comfortable fusion of images which may be
unpleasant or impracticable for the average person, or
to their other abilities such as making very excellent
depth determinations. Discrepancy with age is to be
expected as is a circadian rhythm. Evaluation by a
battery of users with recognized stereovision abilities
using the hardware and software precisely as it will be
employed by the end user is essential. This should
include frequency and duration of use, similar imagery,
ambient illumination, viewing distance and exactly the
same monitor. The latter is indispensable since in the
dominant field sequential method the exact hues and
saturations of the images, contrast and brightness and
the different persistence’s of different phosphors are
very important. Also, the same hardware and software
may yield dramatically different results if the color of
figure and background are altered. Long persistence
green phosphors are a general problem. Screen size and
viewing distance, horizontal and vertical parallax,
binocular asymmetries (enlightenment etc.) and nonstereo depth cues are critical. Most stereo displays and
images are created and used with little attention to these
factors even when highly skilled personnel are
involved. A vital component of a stereo project should
be a stereoscopist having extensive experience with
many systems and images. This is rarely considered
necessary, resulting in defects in hardware, software,
viewing conditions and viewers and less than optimal
images that are regarded as natural restrictions of
electronic stereoscopy or of field sequential input or
head mounted displays.
It is still said that these are unnatural ways to
look at images (as though 2D CRT'S, photos, and books
grew on trees). This conveys to mind the classic
experiments with prism glasses performed three
generations ago. As soon as one initial puts on glasses
which turn the visual world upside down, it is nearly
impracticable to function. Following a few days
subjects learn to navigate and the world progressively
appears more or less normal. The key phrase in the
advancement of most organic systems is "plasticity
equals survival". There is even some current
substantiation that many strabismus (cross eyed)
subjects have some depth perception due to a type of
field sequential commencement of the optic pathways
by the reticular activating system in the brain stem.
4. TYPES OF IMAGE STEREOGRAPHY
There are copious ways to accomplish the process of
image stereography:
4.1 Anaglyphic Stereography
Anaglyphic stereography [8] is the category used in 3-d
movies: each image is presented in a unusual color, and
colored filters in front of each eye consent to only the
suitable image to pass. Some international standards
body has decided that the right eye filter should be blue,
while the left eye filter is red, but this can be different.
For example, the image below requires the red filter
over the right eye.
These images can be produced using just about any
graphics program - just coalesce the blue and green
channels of the left image with the red channel of the
right image. It is probable to use other colors, but cyan
and red, being complementary colors, produce a truecolor image in the mind of the viewer. The subject of
the images should be coincident on the image (as in the
dragonfly nymph's head in the above image) to make
the image easier to view.
Fig. 2 Anaglyphic Stereogram of a Dragonfly Nymph
One problem with true color anaglyphs is that any item
that happens to be the same color as either filter will
only be visible to one eye. Try viewing the above cyan
and red images above through anaglyph glasses and
you'll see why this is a problem.
Fig. 3 True Color Anaglyphic Stereo
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4.2 Orthostereography
Orthostereography uses images presented side-by-side.
This kind of stereography goes back a long time, and
was quite popular around the turn of the 19th century.
Orthostereographs have a distinct advantage over
anaglyphic stereographs - many stereographs may, with
sufficient practice, be viewed without special
equipment.
Fig. 4 An c.1900 Orthostereogram
Methods
A. Autostereoscopy
This display technologies use optical components in the
display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye
to see a different image. Because headgear is not
required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D" [10]. The
optics split the images directionally into the viewer's
eyes, so the display viewing geometry requires limited
head positions that will achieve the stereoscopic effect.
Automultiscopic displays provide multiple views of the
same scene, rather than just two. Each view is visible
from a different range of positions in front of the
display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in
front of the display and see the correct view from any
position. The technology includes two broad classes of
displays: those that use head-tracking to ensure that
each of the viewer's two eyes sees a different image on
the screen, and those that display multiple views so that
the display does not need to know where the viewers'
eyes are directed. Examples of autostereoscopic
displays technology include lenticular lens, parallax
barrier, volumetric display, holography and light field
displays.
B. Holography
Holography is a technique that is used to display objects
or scenes in three dimensions. Such three-dimensional
(3D) images, or holograms, can be seen with the
unassisted eye and are very similar to how humans see
the actual environment surrounding them. The concept
of 3D telepresence, a real-time dynamic hologram
depicting a scene occurring in a different location, has
attracted considerable public interest since it was
depicted in the original Star Wars film in 1977.
However, the lack of sufficient computational power to
produce realistic computer-generated holograms1 and
the absence of large-area and dynamically updatable
holographic recording media2 have prevented
realization of the concept. Here we use a holographic
stereographic technique3 and a photorefractive polymer
material as the recording medium4 to demonstrate a
holographic display that can refresh images every two
seconds. A 50 Hz nanosecond pulsed laser is used to
write the holographic pixels5. Multicoloured
holographic 3D images are produced by using angular
multiplexing, and the full parallax display employs
spatial multiplexing. 3D telepresence is demonstrated
by taking multiple images from one location and
transmitting the information via Ethernet to another
location where the hologram is printed with the quasireal-time dynamic 3D display. Further improvements
could bring applications in telemedicine, prototyping,
advertising, updatable 3D maps and entertainment
5. CONCLUSION
The stereography is extensively use technology which
measures the depth and perspective of image in respect
to 2D or 3D environment. This technology is used in
many application areas such as Simulator, CAD,
endoscopic surgery and remote control vehicle tec. In
this paper we present types of stereography, method and
literature of the stereography. To provide higher
definition and eminence, information redundancy
removal of the large amount of resulting data is the
major issues. So in future work, design such technique
and tools which will provide better quality of image and
able to remove the redundancy easily from the large set
of information.
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[1]. E. A. Edirisinghe, J. Jian, “Stereo Imaging, an
Emerging
Technology”,
http://www.ssgrr.it/en/ssgrr2000/papers/067
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Fig. 5 Parallax barrier autostereoscopy to display a 3D
image
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Min-Chun Hu, Wen-Huang
Cheng and Yung-Yu Chuang “Rectangling
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