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Causes and cures Causes Roman God, curse, miasma, four humours Cures/treatment Galen and the Theory of Opposites - Galen a Roman doctor developed the Theory of the Four Humours. He believed in bloodletting as a treatment for most illnesses but also used the Theory of opposites ie too much phlegm (water and cold), eat chilli peppers, a temperature eat cucumber. Purging, bloodletting 1350-1750 Galen and the Theory of Opposites - Galen a Roman doctor developed the Theory of the Four Humours. He believed in bloodletting as a treatment for most illnesses but also used the Theory of opposites ie too much The Four Humours – the phlegm (water and cold), eat chilli peppers, a temperature eat cucumber. Ancient Greeks identified four different liquids or humour in Purging, bloodletting the body, blood, phlegm, yellow Physicians also prescribed medicines based on herbs, plants and the bezoar, a stomach found in goats’ bile, black bile. stomachs which was believed to have supernatural properties. The Greeks believed everyone had their own mixture of humours and Physicians used a handbook called ‘vade mecum’ – included urine charts to help diagnose illness, zodiac when they became unbalanced, you chart to help the physician know when to avoid certain treatments. ‘Compendium of medicine’, written by became ill. If you had a temperature, Gilbertus Anglicus, in Latin to educate physicians and helped the physicians to treat a range of illnesses. you were red because you had too Herbals, which described plants and their uses in medicine, were in English, and were used by ordinary much blood. people. They also thought the these humours were linked to the seasons therefore in winter, which is linked to water, your body would produce too much phlegm Fires, ringing church bells and you have to sneeze and cough to get rid of it. The cures were to restore prayer the four humours e.g. bloodletting. Hippocrates believed most treatment should be based on rest, diet and leaving the body to heal itself. Also developed was an interest in the stars and astrology. Scholars linked these star signs to the Greek ideas of the elements, which were then linked to Galen’s medical ideas. Miasma Punishment from God 1750-1900 Beginning four humours, miasma, spontaneous generation(disease caused by germs that were produced by flesh and vegetables as they rotted) 1861 Germ Theory 1900 – Germ theory Treatment for cholera – burning clothes and bedding of dead person, praying, cleaning the house and scattering chloride of lime around, smoking cigars, using lucky charms, burning barrels of tar/vinegar, special mixture of liquids/pills Jenner’s vaccination against smallpox Patent medicines – fewer herbal medicines because more people lived in cities, apothecaries sold many ‘preparations’, advertised as a cure for everything, potions, ointment and pills made from such things as coloured liquids, alcohol, lard, wax, turpentine, ginger, arsenic Ingredients for pills made into paste, shaped by hand, rich customers covered in gold/silver leaf, pills in medicine revolutionized in 1844 when William Brockedon invented a machinre to standised pills , produced more quickly Thomas Beecham began selling pills in 1847, Jesse Boot transformed his shop into a chain of pharmacies in the late 19th century Government regulation stopped harmful ingredients in medicine First Magic Bullet Von Behring – developed Koch’s work to isolate antitoxins used by the body to fight diptheria, found a way to inject them to cure the disease Ehrlich – (Koch’s team) set up research team, knew certain dyes stained specific microbes(Koch’s work) and antitoxins only attacked the disease microbes(Behring’s work), tried to combine a dye with other chemicals to find a disease for syphilis, a ‘magic bullet’ to attack disease not the body, researched for several years(received government grants) 1909 –Hata joined the team, reviewed the work and found mistakes, the 606th compound actually effective Treatment called SALVERSON 606 – important breakthrough to use chemical drugs to target and cure disease Second magic bullet 1932 Domagk discovered a red dye was effective against some cases of blood poisoning, developed the drug Prontosil – many people had died from scratches being infected, key ingredient in prontosil was sulphonamide, other sulphonnnamide drugs were developed to cure pneumonia, scarlet fever,meningitis These discoveries important because medicine could now cure many infections/diseases previously killers, firstly by injection but as pharmaceutical industry developed pills produced Penicillin Fleming – chemistin St Mary’s Hospital, 1928 noticed a culture of bacteria growing in a petri dish was attacking and killing an unknown mould, decided to research the mystery killer mould, discverd it was an excellent antibiotic, penicillin, only tested on bacteria in lab, not living organisms, published his work in 1929, unable to get funding to develop, so abandoned it Difficult to produce pure penicillin, so impractical as medicine Florey and Chain two scientists read Fleming’s work and in 1939 set up a team to develop penicillin. 1940 tested on mice, 1941 tested on patient, acted as a miracle drug who were dying of infection, only a small amount available and the patient dies when it ran out Florey determined to mass produce it, couldn’t be synthesized like chemicals(Salverson 606). Mould had to be cultured on a broth to grow, and exposed to air to grow, used a collection of baths, bedpans etc, hired 6 assistants No British firm able to create technology to mass produce(WW2) Florey refused to patent penicillin June 1941 Florey and Heatley went to US to get funds, at first unsuccessful, but December 1941, US entered war, US government now prepared to fund mass production- likely to be many soldiers dying from infection, and penicillin could save their lives Florey discovered that drying the mould at low temperatures most successful, method of purifying penicillin, scientists at a chemical company used an ice-cream freezer to develop a methods of freeze-drying led to large-scale production 1944 Factors – government, war, accident, technology x-rays 1895 developed by Roentgen, photos of within the human body,1902 realised could be used to burn and shrink tumours – radiotherapy electron microscope 1931 using technique called cystallogy Crick and Watson developed DNA (1953), led to better understanding of genetic illness Cures - pacemakers and kidney dialysis, hypodermic needles and intravenous drips to give precise doses of medicine, chemotherapy Diagnosis –endoscopes – a flexible tube containing a camera can be passes inside the body, ultrasound scans, CAT scans, MRI scans Nuclear medicines – radioactive elements can be injected into the body to help track what is happening inside the body Kits available to help people monitor their own health eg blood pressure, diabetic kits for blood sugar Blood transfusions, 1901 landsteiner discovered blood groups and transfusions on successful if donor and patient the same blood group, only not able to store until the high number of injuries in WW1 sped up the search for the solution, 1915 discovered adding sodium citrate prevented clotting, but the blood cells soon deteriorated, 1916 new scientific techniques made it possible to store blood for longer periods ‘Alternative’ medicine –herbal, natural methods, acupuncture