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• ASPs
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Paralanguage - Gasps
Gasps also occur from an emotion of surprise
(emotion)|surprise, shock (emotion)|shock or disgust
1
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Paralanguage - Gasps
1
As a symptom of physiological problems,
apneustic respirations (a.k.a. apneusis),
are gasps related to the brain damage
associated with a stroke or other trauma.
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WAASPS
1
'WAASPS' is a social entrepreneurship
project in West Africa. Started in 2005
after 11 years of reflection and analysis of
the West African market, WAASPS
operate in the light aviation sector of the
sub-continent.
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WAASPS
1
Opening the Kpong Airfield in November
2005, the organisation provides pilot
training, aircraft build, maintenance and
repair and provides expertise for aerial
survey, air-air and air-ground video, stuntflying, agricultural surveillance and
plantation selection work, aerial dispersal,
etc.
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WAASPS
Based near to the Kpong Dam in the
Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region
of Ghana, the company contributes
massively to the local economy through
employment and as a major attraction to
the high earning communities and tourists
to the country.
1
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WAASPS
1
WAASPS works closely with the Ghana
Civil Aviation Authority
[http://www.gcaa.com.gh/ GCAA] and is
the only organisation in the country
providing training for the National
Pilots licence as definded under GCAR
Part 25 called the Private Ultralight Pilot
Licence or Certificate.
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WAASPS
The first woman to gain Ghana's
National Pilots Licence (PUP or
Private Ultralight Pilot) was Patricia
Mawuli Nyekodzi who gained her
wings on 31 July 2009.GTV News
03/08/09TV3 Today's Woman
08/08/09The Mirror 08/08/09
1
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World War II Victory Medal - Clasps
1
Unlike the World War I medal, clasps
were not issued for the World War II
Victory Medal because campaign
medals were frequently awarded
instead.
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Sutton Hoo - Upper body area: purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle
1
Together with the sword harness and
scabbard mounts, the gold and garnet
objects found in the upper body space,
which form a co-ordinated ensemble,
are among the true wonders of Sutton
Hoo. Their artistic and technical
quality is quite exceptional.BruceMitford 1978, 432ndash;625; Evans
1986, 109.
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Sutton Hoo - Upper body area: purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle
1
The great gold buckle is made in three
parts.Bruce-Mitford 1978,
536ndash;563; Evans 1986, 8991;
Plunkett 2001, 73ndash;75
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Sutton Hoo - Upper body area: purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle
1
No other Anglo-Saxon cuirass
clasps are known.
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Sutton Hoo - Upper body area: purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle
The Purse cover from Sutton Hoo
burial|ornamental purse lid, covering a
lost leather pouch, hung from the waistbelt.Bruce-Mitford 1978, 487ndash;522;
Evans 1986, 87ndash;88 The lid consists
of a kidney-shaped cellwork frame
enclosing a sheet of horn, on which were
mounted pairs of exquisite garnet
cellwork plaques depicting birds, wolves
devouring men, geometric motifs and a
double panel showing animals with
interlaced extremities
1
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Sutton Hoo - Upper body area: purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle
1
These are the work of a master-goldsmith
who had access to an East Anglian Armory
(military)|armoury containing the objects
used as pattern sources. As an ensemble
they enabled the patron to appear
imperial.T.D. Kendrick in Phillips et al.
1940, 28ndash;30; Bruce-Mitford 1975,
685ndash;690; Evans 1986, 83ndash;93;
Plunkett 2005, 89ndash;96.
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Sutton Hoo - Upper body area: purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle
1
The purse contained thirty-seven gold shillings
or History of the English penny (c
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Durham Wasps
The 'Durham Wasps' were an ice
hockey team located in Durham and
was one of England's most well-known
names in ice hockey. The team was
bought by John Hall (businessman)|Sir
John Hall and moved to the
neighbouring city of Newcastle Upon
Tyne in August 1996. The Newcastle
team, after several changes became
known as the Newcastle Vipers.
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Durham Wasps - The History of the Wasps
The Durham Wasps began their
prosperous start to hockey just after
the war, and was started by Michael
Davey of Ottawa, Canada, along with a
few other Canadians, who after the war
made their homes in Durham.
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Durham Wasps - The History of the Wasps
1
The Durham Wasps dominated
the British League for over 10
years
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Durham Wasps - The History of the Wasps
With the rise of teams such as the
Cardiff Devils and Sheffield Steelers,
the Wasps started to struggle to fund a
competitive team
1
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Durham Wasps - The History of the Wasps
1
This proved very divisive amongst Wasps
fans with many to this day refusing to
watch Ice Hockey in Newcastle. A
replacement team was established in
Durham called the Durham City Wasps
who played in the English League. This
featured some players who the new
Wasps owners decided not to retain, as
well as players from the junior teams.
Unfortunately the team only lasted one
season before the costs of maintaining
the rink came to a head and the rink was
sold to be redeveloped.
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Durham Wasps - The History of the Wasps
1
After a season of playing out of
Crowtree, Wasps were taken to
Newcastle and renamed the
Newcastle Cobras
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Durham Wasps - Revival Games
The reformed Wasps
team won the game 8-4
1
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Durham Wasps - Revival Games
1
A second 'Legends' game was played
with Whitley Warriors, Sunday May 6,
2012, again at Whitley Bay, and in
memory of former Durham Wasps
manager Kenny Swinburne. The
Wasps won 5-2 with Mario Belanger
scoring within 30 seconds in the first
period.
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Durham Wasps - Honours
1
'Heineken Premier League
Champions'
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The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
1
'The Wasps' is incidental music composed
by the British composer Ralph Vaughan
Williams in 1909. It was written for a
production of Aristophanes' The Wasps at
Trinity College, Cambridge, and was
Vaughan Williams' first of only three forays
into incidental music. A later performance of
the work was one of only a small number of
performances conducted by Williams that
was committed to a recording.Alain Frogley:
Liner Notes, UPC 094638215721. 2007.
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The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
1
It was scored for baritone solo voices,
a chorus of tenors and baritones (in
two parts each), and orchestra. The
complete incidental music is lengthy
(about 1 hour and 45 minutes) and is
not often performed.
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The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
Vaughan Williams later arranged
parts of the music into an orchestral
suite (about 26 minutes), in five parts:
1
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The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
1
# March Past of the Kitchen
Utensils
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The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
1
The Overture is quite concise (about 10
minutes) and is a popular independent
concert piece today. There are close to 30
recordings now available of the overture.
The March Past of the Kitchen Utensils is
also quite charming and sometimes
separately performed. The entire
orchestral suite is also sometimes
performed and recorded.
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The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
1
The year before he wrote The Wasps,
Vaughan Williams spent three months
in Paris studying orchestration with
Maurice Ravel. Although The Wasps
may reflect something of Ravel, it is
quintessential Vaughan Williams.
Except for the opening buzzing, the
piece has little to do with wasps or
with ancient Greece.
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The Wasps
The play has been thought to
exemplify the conventions of Old
Comedy better than any other play,
and it has been considered to be one of
the world's greatest
comedies.Aristophanes and the
Definition of Comedy M.S.Silk, Oxford
University Press 2002, page
435Aristophanes:Wasps Douglas
M.MacDowell, Oxford University
Press 1971, pages VI and 5
1
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The Wasps - Plot
Learning of their old comrade's
imprisonment, they leap to his defense
and swarm around Bdelycleon and his
slaves like wasps
1
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The Wasps - Plot
1
The debate is between the father and the
son and it focuses on the advantages that
the old man personally derives from
voluntary jury service
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The Wasps - Plot
1
While the actors are offstage, the Chorus
addresses the audience in a conventional
parabasis
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The Wasps - Plot
1
Note: Some editors (such as Barrett)
exchange the second parabasis (lines
1265–91) with the song (lines 1450–73)
in which Bdelycleon is commended
for filial devotion.
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The Wasps - Cleon and the Athenian jury system
1
The second parabasis in The Wasps implies that
Cleon retaliated for his drubbing in The Knights
with yet further efforts to intimidate or prosecute
Aristophanes, and the poet may have publicly
yielded to this pressure for a short
time.Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell (ed),
Oxford University Press 1971, page 299 note
1284-91Aristophanes: The Birds and Other Plays
D.Barrett and A.Sommerstein (ed), Penguin
Classics 1978, pages 32-33 Whatever agreement
was reached with Cleon, Aristophanes gleefully
reneged on it in The Wasps, presenting Cleon as a
treacherous dog manipulating a corrupted legal
process for personal gain.
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The Wasps - Some events that influenced The Wasps
1
*426: Aristophanes won first prize at
the City Dionysia with his second play,
The Babylonians (now lost), and he
was subsequently prosecuted by
Cleon for being the author of slanders
against the polis.
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The Wasps - Some events that influenced The Wasps
1
*425: Athens obtained a significant
victory against Sparta in the Battle of
Sphacteria and Cleon successfully
claimed responsibility for it.
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The Wasps - Some events that influenced The Wasps
1
*423: Athens and Sparta agreed to a one
year truce. Aristophanes' play The Clouds
came third (i.e. last).
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
Here is the wine list for The Wasps as
supplied by modern
scholars.Aristophanes:Wasps
D.M.MacDowell, Oxford University
Press 1971,
CommentaryAristophanes: The Frogs
and Other Plays David Barrett,
Penguin Classics 1964,
NotesAristophanis Comoediae Tomus
II F.Hall and W.Geldart, Oxford
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Megara: a neighbour and historically a
rival to Athens, it is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#55 line 57] as the reputed origin of
comic drama.Poetics by Aristotle,
1448a31; Wikisource section III s:The
Poetics translated by Bywater/1#III
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Law Courts: Athens had ten law
courts in 422 BC, of which these three
are mentioned here by name: The New
Court in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#115 line 120], The Court
at Lykos in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Asclepieion|Asclepieia: Temples
dedicated to the god of healing, the one
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#120 line 123] was located near
Athens on the island of Aegina.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Delphi: One of the most sacred sites in
Greece, it is said by Philocleon in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#155 line 159] to be the source of a
fearful prophecy concerning himself.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Scione: A city on the promontory of
Chalcidice, it revolted against Athenian
rule two days after the Athenian truce with
Sparta and it was now under siege; this
was the only fighting Athenians were
engaged in at that time. Bdelycleon says
in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#205 line 210] that he would rather
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Byzantium: Originally captured from
Persian forces by the Greeks in 478 BC,
and subsequently taken from the
control of Pausanias
(general)|Pausanias by the Athenians in
476, a garrison had been stationed
there ever since its revolt from
Athenian rule in 440-439. The Chorus of
old jurors mention it in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Samos: An island that had revolted from
Athenian rule in 440 BC, it is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#280 line 238] in reference to a
Samian (possibly a man named Carystion)
who had betrayed his own polis out of his
reputed love for Athens and who had
recently been acquitted of some charge.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Thrace: A region of strategic significance
in the Peloponnesian War, the Chorus
mentions it in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#285 line 288] in relation to the
impending trial of one of the 'traitors' there
(possibly a reference to Thucydides, who
had been prosecuted by Cleon the
previous year after the Athenian defeat at
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Naxos: Subjugated by the Athenians
around 470 BC, the Chorus mentions it in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#350 line 355] while recalling a
soldier's prank perpetrated there by
Philocleon.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Pontus and Sardinia: Mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#700 line 700] by
Bdelycleon as the eastern and western
limits of the Athenian empire.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Battle of Marathon|Marathon: The site
of the celebrated Athenian victory
against Persia, it is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#710 line 711] by Bdelycleon in
reference to what is owed to Athenians
by other Greeks.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Euboia Settled by Athenians through a
cleruchy, it was a key source of grain and
is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#710 line 715] by Bdelycleon as a
synonym for vote-buying.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Sicily: The island was famous for its
cheeses and its mention in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#835 line 838] helps to identity the
cheese-stealing dog Labes as a comic
representation of the Athenian general
Laches (general)|Laches, who led an
Athenian force there in 427 BC.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Kudathenaion and Zixone: Respectively
the deme of Cylon in Athens and the
accusing dog, and the deme of Laches
and the accused dog (on the coast about
eight miles south of Athens) - both demes
are mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#895 line 895].
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Thymaitadoi: A village near the
Piraeus, it was a source of rough
cloaks that the unsophisticated
Philocleon is unable to distinguish
from the expensive cloaks worn in
Sardis and woven in Ecbatana
(common destinations for Athenian
diplomats), as stated in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Paros: An island that Philocleon once
visited for two obols a day (i.e. as a rower
in the Athenian navy) - which was as close
to becoming a diplomat as he ever got
([http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1185 line 1189]).
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Euripides: Frequently a target of
Aristophanes' plays, the tragic poet is
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#60 line 61] as the butt of tired
old jokes that are made by other comic
poets. There are also mock-heroic
references to his plays Bellerophon,
Cretan Women and Ino in
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Ecphantides: A comic poet of a previous
generation known for his obscurity, he is
referred to in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#150 line 151] by his nickname
Capnias (Smokey).
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Phrynichus (tragic poet)|Phrynichus: A
celebrated tragic poet of an earlier
generation, he is mentioned favourably
several times by Philocleon and the jurors
in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#215 lines 220, 269, 1490, 1524]
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Pindar: The great lyric poet of Boeotia is
not mentioned here by name but one of
his famous verses is absurdly quoted out
of context in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#305 line 308]
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Philocles: A tragic poet (who won first
prize when Sophocles competed with
Oedipus Rex), yet satirized by comic
poets for a harsh style, he is said in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#460 line 462] to have an
embittering influence on old men. He is
mentioned again in
Thesmophoriazusae and The Birds
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Aesop: Then, as now, a source of
instructive fables, he receives four
mentions in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#565 lines 566, 1259, 1401, 1446]
and he is later mentioned in two other
plays.Peace line 129; Birds lines 471, 651
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Oiagros: A tragic actor, he is said in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#575 line 579] to have been acquitted
in a trial after reciting verses from a play
titled Niobe. Niobe was possibly a play by
Sophocles that was performed shortly
before Wasps. Alternatively Niobe was a
play by Aeschylus, mentioned again later
in The Frogs.Frogs line 912
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Acestor|Acestor Sacas: A tragic poet
of foreign birth and a frequent target
of comic poets, he is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#1220 line 1221] as the
father of one of Cleon's circle. He is
mentioned also in The Birds.Birds line
31
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Alcaeus of Mytilene|Alcaeus: The great
lyric poet of Mytilene, he is not mentioned
by name but he is the author of some wellknown verses that Philocleon adapts to a
scolion directed against Cleon in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1230 lines 1232-35].
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Ariphrades: Possibly a comic dramatist
and a student of Anaxagoras, he is
mocked in this play in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1275 line 1280] and in other
playsKnights line 1281, Peace 883,
Ecclesiazusae 129 for sexual
eccentricities. His musician brother,
Arignotus, is mentioned with him but not
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Sthenelus: A tragic poet, whose verse
was later considered by Aristotle to be
lucid but undignified,Poetics 1458a18-21
Wikisource section XXII s:The Poetics
translated by Bywater/3#XXII he is
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1310 line 1313] as the epitome of a
man who is lacking something.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Lasus: A poet from Ermioni|Hermione
who lived in the latter half of the 6th
Century, associated with the establishment
of dithyrambic contests in Athens and
credited with writing the first book on
music, he is quoted in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1405 line 1410] as the author of a
banal statement: It means little to me.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Simonides: The famous lyric poet
from Ceos, he is said by Philocles to
have been the man to whom the above
statement was addressed. He is
mentioned in three other plays.Clouds
lines 1356, 1362; Peace 697; Birds 919
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Thespis: According to Athenian tradition,
he was the first dramatist to write for an
actor separate from the Chorus. He is
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1475 line 1479] as typical of
Philocleon's old-fashioned tastes.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Carcinus (writer)|Carcinus: An Athenian
general in 431,Thycidides 2.32.2;
Inscriptiones Graecae|IG i2 296
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Cleon: The populist leader of the pro-war
faction in Athens, he is the arch-villain in
all of Aristophanes' early plays
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Theorus: An associate of Cleon, he is
presented in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#40 lines 42, 47, 418, 599, 1220,
1236] as an ignoble flatterer. He is a target
also in earlier
plays.[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9
1%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%
CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82 Acharnians
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Alcibiades: Later known as a dashing
general and a winning aristocrat, he
was not yet a major public figure and
here he is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#40 line 44] only for his
lisp. He was mentioned earlier in The
Acharnians as the son of
Cleinias[http://el.wikisource.org/wik
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Amynias: A general this year (423/2), he
was satirized by comic dramatists as
effeminate and pretentious. Here he is
mocked for gambling habits, long hair ()
and his role in a diplomatic mission to
Thessaly in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#70 lines 74, 466, 1267]. He is
mentioned also in The Clouds.The Clouds
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Nicostratus: Possibly the son of
Dieitrephes and a skilful general
mentioned by Thucydides,Thucydides
4.129.2, 133.4, 3.75, 5.74.3 he is said in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#80 line 81] to call out from the
audience about Philocleon's disease,
identifying it as a form of 'hospitality'.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Laches (person)|Laches: A general
who had led a small Athenian force to
Sicily in 427 and who had proposed the
one year truce in 423, he is mentioned
in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#240 line 240] and he
appears as the good watchdog
accused of stealing a Sicilian cheese,
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Thucydides (politician)|Thucydides:
The political rival of Pericles, he is
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#945 line 947] and earlier
in The
Acharnians[http://el.wikisource.org/
wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF
%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF
%82 The Acharnians line 703] in
relation to a trial in which slick
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Hyperbolus: A populist and eventually
Cleon's successor, he is named in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#1005 line 1007] as an example
of someone who cynically manipulates
juries. He receives numerous mentions
in other plays.Knights 1304, 1363;
Clouds 551, 557, 623, 876, 1065; Peace
681, 921, 1319; Thesmophoriazusae
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Theogenes: A prominent politician often
satirized by comic poets as a fat, greedy
braggart, he is quoted in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1180 line 1183] as somebody who
abuses dung-collectors . He is also
mentioned in later
plays.[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9
B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Androcles: Another populist, often
satirized in Old Comedy as poor and
immoral, he was later influential in
exiling Alcibiades. He is mentioned
ironically in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#1185 line 1187] as an
example of the kind of man who
represents Athens on sacred,
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Antiphon (person)|Antiphon: An orator
and later a leader of the oligarchic
government in 411 BC, he is named in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#1270 line 1270, 1301] as a
hungry kind of man and as one of the
sophisticated dinner guests abused by
Philocleon.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Phrynichus: A politician and later a
leader of the oligarchy of Athenian
coup of 411 BC|The Four Hundred, he
is a central figure at the sophisticated
dinner party attended by Antiphon,
Theophrastos Lykon, Lysistratus,
Bdelycleon, Philocleon et al., as stated
in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Lycon: A little-known politician who later
assisted in the prosecution of
Socrates[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%E1
%BC%88%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%
CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%
CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%81%CE
%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8
2#23e Apology 23e, 36a] and whose wife
Rhodia was often a target of comic poets
(as for example in
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Cleonymus of Athens|Cleonymus:
An associate of Cleon and frequently a
target in other
plays,[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/
%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%
CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82
Acharnians lines 88, 844]; Knights
958, 1294, 1372; Clouds 353, 400, 673;
Peace 446, 673, 1295; bi 289, 1475;
Thesmophoriazusae 605 he is
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Sosias: Unknown otherwise, he is
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#75 line 78] as a well-known tippler.
However this could simply be the name of
a character in the play accidentally
transposed into the dialogue by an ancient
scribe).Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell
(ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Philoxenus: A notoriously effete
catamite, he becomes the source of a
misunderstanding in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#80 line 84] because his name is
a pun for 'hospitable'.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Pyrilampes: Plato's stepfather and a
prominent personality in Periclean
Athens, he is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#95 line 98] as the father of
Demus, a handsome young man
whose name appears around Athens in
amorous graffiti.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Dracontides: He is named in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#155 line 157] as
somebody awaiting trial and because
his name is a pun for 'serpent'.
Modern scholars have various
theories about his identity and
speculation has even been used to
date a treaty between Athens and
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Proxenides: Philocleon would rather
be Proxenides or smoke or the victim
of a thunderbolt than be imprisoned at
home any longer, as asserted in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#325 line 325]. He is
mentioned as a braggart in The
Birds.Birds line 1126
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Gorgias: The famous teacher of
rhetoric, he is named in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#420 line 421] as the father
or teacher of Phillipus, a recent victim
of irate jurors.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Aischines: He is mentioned as an
associate of Cleon, a synonym for smoke
and a braggart in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#455 lines 459, 1220, 1242]. He is
mentioned also in The Birds.Birds line 823
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Euathlus: An associate of Cleon and a
prosecutor of the aged Thucydides
(politician)|Thucydides (for which he was
mentioned in The
Acharnians),[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%
CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE
%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82
Acharnians line 710] he is said by
Philocleon in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Eucharides: A greengrocer
immortalized with a brief mention in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#680 line 680].
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Lysistratus: A high-society manabout-town who participated in the
mutilation of the hermai in 415, he is
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#785 lines 787 and 1302] as
a practical joker who passes off fish
scales as coins and who also happens
to be a sophisticated dinner guest
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Cynna: A prostitute, her flashing
eyes are said to be evocative of Cleon
in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#1030 line 1032].
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Morychus: A notorious gourmand who
was possibly also a tragic poet, he is
named in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#505 lines 506 and 1142] as
emblematic of a pampered life and
because his soldier's kit resembles a
Persian gown. He is mentioned also in
two other
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Cleisthenes: A byword for effeminacy, he
is frequently a target for jokes in other
plays and appears as a character in
Thesmophoriazusae.[http://el.wikisource.o
rg/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF
%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%
82 Acharnians line 118]; Knights 1374;
Clouds 355; Birds 831;
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9B%C
F%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Leogoras: The father of the orator
Andocides, he was lampooned by comic
poets for his wealth and his luxurious
lifestyle. He is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1265 line 1269] as someone whose
dinners are a benchmark of culinary
opulence.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Chaerephon: The loyal friend and disciple
of Socrates, he appears as the summons
witness for a female bread vendor and he
is compared in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1405 lines 1408-12] to a sallow Ino
clinging to the feet of Euripides. He
receives mentions also in two other
surviving plays.Clouds 104, 144, 156, 503,
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Pittalus: A doctor who is mentioned
also in
Acharnians,[http://el.wikisource.org
/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF
%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF
%82 Acharnians line 1032, 1222] he is
recommended by Philocleon in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#1430 line 1432] to one of
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
:'Religious and
historical identities'
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Korybantes: Associated with ecstatic
dancing in the worship of the Phrygian
goddessCybele, they are referred to in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#5 lines 8 and 119] as examples
of manic behaviour. They are
mentioned also in later
plays.[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE
%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%8
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Sabazius: Another Phrygian divinity
associated with manic behaviour,
mentioned here in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#5 line 9] and also in later
plays.[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/
%CE%9B%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%
CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%C
F%84%CE%B7 Birds 876; Lysistrata
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Heracles: A hero in myth, he is a stock
joke for gluttony in comedy. He is
mentioned in that capacity here in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#60 line 60] and he even appears as
a gluttonous buffoon in two later plays,
The Birds and The Frogs.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Odysseus: A hero in myth, he is a
proverb for cunning subterfuge, as
indicated in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#180 lines 181 and 351].
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Dictynna: Originally a Cretan goddess of
hunting, associated with Mount Dicte, she
is evoked by Philocleon in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#365 line 368] as he chews on a net
(dictuon), possibly as a pun though she
was in fact identified with Artemis, the
goddess of hunting nets.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Diopeithes: A religious zealot who
once proposed a decree for the
impeachment of atheists and
astronomers, his name appears in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#380 line 380] as an ironic
synonym for Zeus. He receives
mentions also in two other
plays.Knights line 1085; Birds 988
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Lycus: An Athenian hero, possibly the son
of Pandion II|Pandion, he is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#385 lines 389 and 819] because his
shrine is adjacent to the court named after
him.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Cecrops I|Cecrops: The mythical
first king of Athens, he is invoked by
Philocleon in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#435 line 438] as his
defender against his son's slaves
because they are foreigners. He is
mentioned also in two other surviving
plays.Clouds 301; Wealth 773
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Hippias: A byword in Athens for tyranny,
he is mentioned in that capacity here in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#500 line 502] and also in other
plays.Knights 449;
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9B%C
F%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%
84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7
Lysistrata 619], 1153
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Eurycles: A prophet with abilities as a
ventriloquist, he is mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1015 line 1019] as the metaphor of a
comic poet whose plays are produced in
somebody else's name.
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
*Harmodius and
Aristogeiton|Harmodius: A famous
tyrannicide, he was a favourite theme
for Scolion|scolia, as here in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#1225 line 1225]. He is
named also in three other surviving
plays.[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/
%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%
1
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Admetus: A legendary Thessalian king
and the husband of Alcestis, he was the
subject of a popular scolion, as in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1235 line 1238].
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Brasidas: The leading Spartan general of
the time, he is mentioned by the Chorus in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#475 line 475] as one of Bdelycleon's
associates.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Ephoudion: an athlete from Arcadia
and a victor at the Olympics in 464
BC, he is said to have performed well
in a recent contest against a much
younger opponent, Ascondas, as
mentioned in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%
A3%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%
B5%CF%82#1190 lines 1191 and 1383].
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Phaullus: A famous athlete who once
commanded the only Italian ship at the
Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, he is said
by Philocles in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3
%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%
CF%82#1205 lines 1206-7] to have lost
to him in court on a charge of abusive
language.
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The Wasps - Places and people mentioned in The Wasps
1
*Penestes: Thessalian serfs, they are the
benchmark of poverty, as indicated in
[http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A3%C
F%86%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF
%82#1270 line 1273].
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The Wasps - Discussion
1
As mentioned in the introduction, The
Wasps can be considered one of the
world's great comedies. Various
factors contribute to its appeal, as for
example:
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The Wasps - Discussion
*The central figure, Philocleon, is a
'triumph of characterization';More Essays
in Greek History and Literature
A.W.Gomme (1962), cited in Aristophanes:
The Wasps D.MacDowell, Oxford
University Press 1971, page 7
1
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The Wasps - Discussion
1
*The jurors are the most vividly realized
Chorus in Old Comedy;Aristophanes'
Traditionalisme W.Kassies (1963), cited in
Aristophanes: The Wasps D.MacDowell,
Oxford University Press 1971, page 10
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The Wasps - Discussion
1
*The juror's son is the most lifelike child in
Greek drama.Aristophanes: The Wasps
D.MacDowell, Oxford University Press
1971, page 10
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The Wasps - Discussion
1
The debilitating effects of old age and the
dehumanizing effects of an addiction
(Philocleon is said to resemble a jackdaw,
a mouse, a limpet, smoke, a donkey's foal,
a cut of meat, Odysseus and Nobody)The
Wasps lines 105-195 are somber themes
that lift the action beyond the scope of a
mere farce.
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The Wasps - The Wasps and Old Comedy
1
The Wasps has been thought to exemplify
all the Aristophanes#Aristophanes and
Old Comedy|conventions of Old Comedy
at their best - structural elements that are
common to most of Aristophanes' plays
are all found in this play in a complete and
readily identifiable form. The table below
is based on one scholar's interpretation of
the play's structural elements and the
poetic meters associated with
them.Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell
(ed), Oxford University Press 1971, page 6
and Commentary section
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The Wasps - Miscellaneous
1
* In 1909, the English composer Ralph
Vaughan Williams created popular
incidental music for the play - see The
Wasps (Vaughan Williams).
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The Wasps - Translations
* William James Hickie, 1853 - prose,
[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cm4N
AAAAYAAJpg=PP25 full text]
1
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The Wasps - Translations
* Unknown translator - prose:
[http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/wasps.
html full text]
1
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The Wasps - Translations
* George Theodoridis, 2007 - prose:
[http://bacchicstage.wordpress.com/
aristophanes/wasps/ full text]
1
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Chalfont Wasps F.C.
1
'Chalfont Wasps F.C.' are a football club
based in Chalfont St Giles|Chalfont St.
Giles, near Amersham, England. They
were established in 1922 and were
founding members of the Chiltonian
League in 1984. For the 2013–14 season
they are members of the Hellenic
Football League Division One East,
having been demoted from the Premier
Division at the end of the 2008–09 season
due to their ground not meeting the
requirements for that division.
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - History
1
Chalfont Wasps Football Club
was formed in 1922
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Ground
Chalfont Wasps play their home
games at The Nest, The Playing
Fields, Crossleys, Bowstridge Lane,
Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire,
HP8 4QN.
1
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Ground
1
The Wasps' ground was featured in David
Bauckham's book Dugouts, which notes
the incongruity of the Dugout
(football)|dugouts being built directly in
front of (and therefore obscuring the view
from) the only covered area available for
spectators.
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Honours
1
*'Hellenic Football League
Division One East'
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Honours
1
*'Chiltonian League
Division One'
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Records
1
*Best League performance: Seventh in Hellenic
League Premier Division, 2007–08
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Records
1
**Second Qualifying Round 2008–
09
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - Culture attributed to WASPs
Anthony Smith argues that nations
tend to be formed on the basis of a premodern ethnic core that provides the
myths, symbols, and memories for the
modern nation and that WASPs were
indeed that
core.[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/
p40195_index.html The Decline of the
WASP?: Anglo-Protestant Ethnicity and
the American Nation-State] WASPs are
1
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - Culture attributed to WASPs
WASP leisure included upscale
activities such as foreign travel,
equestrianism, and yachting —
expensive pursuits that need both
leisure time and affluence to pursue,
and which sociologists such as
Thorstein Veblen (The Theory of the
Leisure Class) have pointed to as a
marker of social
standing.http://xroads.virginia.edu/~
1
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - Culture attributed to WASPs
1
A common practice of WASP families is
presenting their daughters of
marriagable age (traditionally at the age
of 17 or 18 years old) at a debutante
ball, such as International Debutante
Ball|The International Debutante Ball at
the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York
City.
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - Culture attributed to WASPs
1
In the Detroit area, WASPs dominated the
wealth that came from the huge industrial
capacity of the automotive industry
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - Culture attributed to WASPs
David Brooks (journalist)|David
Brooks, a commentator on class who
attended an Episcopal prep school,
writes that WASPs took pride in good
posture, genteel manners, personal
hygiene, pointless discipline, the
ability to sit still for long periods of
time.
1
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Wasps FC
Wasps FC own the Twyford Avenue
Sports Ground that is also used by the
Wasps professional teams for training.
1
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Wasps FC
The Youth section has several
championship sides and the minis
compete actively at the higher levels.
1
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Wasps FC - 2013-14 Season
The first team finished 4th in their
league, and the second team will
remain in the 2nd (of 6) divisions in
the Middlesex Merit Table for 2014-15.
The third team The fat dads (though
not many are fat), continue to play
friendlies and are inaugural members
of the Middlesex Social League
1
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Wasps FC - 2011-12 Season
In 2011-12 the 1st XV had an incredible
record-breaking season, winning all 18
games in Herts/Middlesex League|Herts
Middlesex 1 to gain promotion to London 3
North West. Highlights included doing the
double over both Hackney RFC and Old
Priorians RFC, the closest challengers for
the title.
1
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Wasps FC - 2010-11 Season
1
In 2010-11 the 1st XV was unfortunately
relegated from London 3 North West
back to Herts/Middlesex League|Herts
Middlesex 1. The 2nd XV competed in
Middlesex Merit Table 4 league.
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Wasps FC - 2009-10 Season
1
The 2009-10 season was a very successful
one for Wasps FC. Fielding two senior men's
sides the 1st XV won promotion from
Herts/Middlesex League|Herts Middlesex 1
into London 3 North West, and the 2nd XV
won the Middlesex Merit Table 5 League,
gaining promotion into the Middlesex Merit
Table 4 league in the process. On the back of
these successes it was announced the club
would once again be fielding a 3rd XV for the
2010-11 season.
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York City Knights - York Wasps
1
York won one game in the Northern Ford
Premiership in 2000 and finished the
campaign with a team of amateurs after
almost folding. Coach Dean Robinson
resigned in March 2000 and caretaker
coach Garry Atkins finished the season.
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York City Knights - York Wasps
Lee Crooks (rugby league)|Lee Crooks
took over as coach in August 2000. They
attracted sponsorship from the New York
Economic Development Council for the
2001 season. This promised, but did not
deliver, a bright future. Lee Crooks
resigned and academy coach Martin Flynn
took charge for the final Northern Ford
Premiership home game.
1
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York City Knights - York Wasps
1
York made an approach to Virgin to buy
the London Broncos in August 2001 and
form a merged club under a new name,
York Wasps Ltd, to play in Super League.
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York City Knights - York Wasps
1
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_lea
gue/1519147.stm] Australian Leo Epifania
came over to England to be head coach of
York Wasps in September.
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York City Knights - York Wasps
1
On 19 March 2002, after completing 11
games, York Wasps announced that
they had folded. After a last-ditch takeover deal to save the Wasps collapses,
the RFL accept the club's resignation
on 26 March. Ironically the plug was
pulled less than a fortnight after the
club's first win in 13 months.
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York City Knights - York Wasps
1
Head coach, Leo Epifania quit England
but York players continued to train with
the idea of playing later in the season
under unpaid caretaker-boss Stewart
Horton. A supporters' trust working
party was formed on 27 March and
applied to the RFL to continue the 2002
Northern Ford Premiership fixtures.
After hearing it would be impossible to
meet requirements to return that
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York City Knights - York Wasps
1
The RFL accepted York's bid to play in the
newly formed National League Two on
condition that they had £75,000 in the
bank by 31 August. York RL decided that
the best way to raise cash was through a
fans' membership scheme. Former Great
Britain star Paul Broadbent was revealed
as player-coach. With the total standing at
£70,000, John Smith's brewery came in
with £5,000 as the club hit the target just
hours before the deadline.
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Newport Wasps
'Newport Wasps' were a British
motorcycle speedway team based in
Newport, Wales|Newport, South
Wales. They were the 1999 Conference
League champions.
1
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Newport Wasps - History
1
The modern incarnation of the team
was founded in 1997 but Newport
Wasps competed in the top UK league
between 1964 and 1976 based at the
now-defunct Somerton Park stadium,
Newport
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Newport Wasps - History
The reformed team was based at the
purpose built Hayley Stadium. The Wasps
withdrew from the Premier League
(speedway)|Premier League in the early
part of the 2008 season when their
promoter Tim Stone died.
1
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Newport Wasps - History
1
In March 2010 the Wasps engaged a minister to lift
a supposed gypsy curse on the stadium.
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Newport Wasps - History
On 17 February 2012 promoter Steve
Mallett confirmed the club would fold with
immediate
effect.[http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/s
port/9536897.IT_S_OVER__Newport_spe
edway_closed_down/?ref=mmpg Newport
Wasps closure]
1
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Wasps RFC
1
:Wasps (rugby) redirects here. This article
is about the rugby union team. For the
Wasps rugby league team see York City
Knights
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Wasps RFC
1
'Wasps' is an English professional rugby
union team. The men's first team, which
forms Wasps, was derived from Wasps
FC|Wasps Football Club who were formed
in 1867 at the now defunct Eton and
Middlesex Tavern in North London, at the
turn of professionalism in 1995. Wasps
play at Adams Park, which is located in
High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.
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Wasps RFC
1
Wasps have won at least one of each of
the major European competitions or
knock-out tournaments in the past decade.
The team compete in the English club
competition, the Aviva Premiership, the
Anglo-Welsh competition the Anglo-Welsh
Cup|LV= Cup and the European knock-out
competition, the European Challenge
Cup|Amlin Challenge Cup.
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Wasps RFC
1
They won the Heineken Cup in 2003–
04 Heineken Cup|2003–04 and 2006–07
Heineken Cup|2006–07, the EDF
Energy Cup|Anglo-Welsh Cup in 1999,
2000 and 2006 and the Aviva
Premiership in 1990, 1997, 2003, 2004,
2005 and 2008.
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Wasps RFC - 1866–1967
1
Wasps Football Club was itself formed in
1867 at the now defunct Eton and
Middlesex Tavern in North London; names
of insects, birds and animals were
considered fashionable in the Victorian
period
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Wasps RFC - 1866–1967
1
Wasps were, therefore, not present at
the inauguration ceremony and
forfeited their right to be called
foundation members.
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Wasps RFC - 1866–1967
1
Later, grounds were rented in various
parts of London until in 1923 the
Wasps found a permanent home at
Sudbury, London|Sudbury,
Middlesex, eventually buying the
ground outright
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Wasps RFC - 1866–1967
1
In 1967, the Wasps club
celebrated their
centenary
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Wasps RFC - 1968–94
1
In 1990, Andrew captained Wasps to their
first Courage League title, as they
narrowly pipped Orrell R.U.F.C
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Wasps RFC - 1995–99
In 1995 Wasps lost 16–36 to Bath
Rugby|Bath in the final of the Pilkington
Cup. It was their first appearance in the
final since 1987 and 1986, when their
opponents — and the eventual winners —
on both occasions were also Bath.
1
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Wasps RFC - 1995–99
For a few weeks Wasps looked like
becoming the first casualty of the
professional era as the backbone of their
team had left
1
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Wasps RFC - 1995–99
1
The following season, 1996/97, Wasps
won their second league championship,
and became the first English Champions
of the professional era. It was an equally
momentous season off the field. The club
split into two parts, with the professional
side becoming part of Loftus Road
Holdings PLC, who also owned Queens
Park Rangers F.C.. One element of the
deal saw Wasps move from their
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Wasps RFC - 1995–99
In 1998, the now-professional Wasps
again reached the final of what was now
the Tetley's Bitter Cup, but lost 18–48 to a
star-studded Saracens F.C.|Saracens
side. The following year, Wasps again
reached the final, in which they defeated
Newcastle Falcons 29–19, to claim their
first title in the competition. In 2000,
Wasps reached the final for the third
consecutive year, successfully defending
1
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Wasps RFC - 1995–99
1
In the summer of 1999, the professional
team — which had been operating as
Wasps RFC (professional) since the
1996/97 season — was renamed as
London Wasps, to differentiate it from
Wasps FC, the amateur side of the club. At
the same they adopted a new logo, which
was selected as being in keeping with the
club's history.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
In 2001 ex-Wigan rugby league star
Shaun Edwards joined as a coach. He has
largely been credited with creating Wasps'
famous Blitz Defence that stops teams
and is the basis for Wasps' own scoring
chances. London Wasps agreed to move
out of Queens Park Rangers' Loftus Road
stadium
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
to allow Fulham F.C. to rent for 2 seasons
between 2002 and 2004, while their
ground, Craven Cottage, was
redeveloped. They became tenants to
Wycombe Wanderers at Adams Park at
the end of the 2001/02 season. The
success of Wasps at their new ground
meant they did not return to Loftus Road
after Fulham left.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
Wasps superior fitness saw them waltz
past the cherry and whites and win their
first English title since 1997, by 39 points
to 3.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
Wasps followed up the win the
following week, again at
Twickenham, by beating Bath to
retain the title of England's champion
side, and complete a double.
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
Warren Gatland signed off at Wasps with a
rare smile to continue his coaching with
Waikato Rugby Union|Waikato in Air New
Zealand Cup|New Zealand.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
Ian McGeechan became the new
Director of Rugby at Wasps from the
2005/06 season, taking over from
Gatland. Wasps won the EDF Energy
Cup|Powergen Anglo-Welsh Cup in
the 2005/06 season, beating Llanelli
Scarlets in the final at Twickenham.
Before the 2006/07 season began,
Wasps won the Middlesex 7's in
Twickenham, beating Leicester Tigers
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
In the 2007 Six Nations
Championship|2007 Six Nations
Championship, England vs. Wales game
at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff,
Wasps supplied the back row of the
scrum, James Haskell, Joe Worsley and
Tom Rees (rugby player)|Tom Rees all
made an appearance. This was the first
time that any club supplied the entire back
row. Unfortunately for England, Wales won
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
Leicester Tigers were the favourites, as
they had already won the Anglo-Welsh
cup and the Guinness Premiership, the
latter just the week before.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
During the 2007/08 season, Wasps went
from 10th in the league during October, to
beat Leicester Tigers in the Guinness
Premiership Final. This sealed a dream
send-off for the retiring Lawrence Dallaglio
at Twickenham. Wasps won 26–16 thanks
to penalties by Mark van Gisbergen and
tries by Josh Lewsey and Tom Rees to
become the English 2008 champions.
Wasps have now won six league titles in
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
McGeechan had technically been a
Lions employee for the whole season
and through agreement with Wasps
was loaned back to the club.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
The 2009/2010 season started off with
an exodus of key players including
James Haskell and Tom Palmer (rugby
union)|Tom Palmer who moved to
Stade Français, Riki Flutey who also
crossed the channel to join Brive and
Eoin Reddan who left to join Leinster
in Ireland.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
In late February it was announced that
Danny Cipriani would be leaving for the
Melbourne Rebels in Australia and he was
determined to leave on a high.
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
After beating Gloucester 42–26 in the
Quarter final of the European
Challenge Cup|Amlin cup scoring 5
tries including a hat-trick from winger
Tom Varndell, Wasps lost 15–18 at
home to Cardiff Blues in the Semi final
with Dave Walder kicking all of Wasps
points with 5 penalties. Cardiff
subsequently beat French Top 14 side
RC Toulonnais|Toulon in the final of
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
Shaun Edwards left the club
in November 2011.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
The season was notable for a good
start where Wasps beat reigning
champions Saracens at Twickenham in
the opening match and then runners-up
Leicester in the second match
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
The hooped blue away shirt was a
change from the white or black and gold
hoops traditionally used as a tie in with the
clubs chosen charity Mind (charity)|MIND
in a combined effort to help raise the
awareness of mental health issues in
sport.http://rugbyshirts.net/waspsannounce-apparel-deal-with-kukri5414.html
1
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
Dai Young was able to recruit well through
the summer bringing in players such as
Andrea Massi (2012 6 Nations Player Of
The Tournament) and Stephen Jones. He
also welcomed back former Wasps Tom
Palmer and James Haskell.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
On 14 September 2012 ownership of the
club was taken over, after protracted
financial issues, by Canmango Limited
and David Thorne. The club had been put
up for sale in October 2011 by Steve
Hayes after he was unable to progress
with a new stadium and sport and retail
development on the Booker Airfield.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
On 12 October 2013 Wasps won 90-17
against Viadana Rugby|Viadana to
beat their record of their European
highest scoring margin, which was 7717 against Toulouse on 26 October
1996.
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Wasps RFC - 2000–present
1
On 30 June 2014, the club announced that
the London prefix of the name had been
dropped, returning to Wasps for the first
time since the re-branding in
1999.http://www.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/s
tory/231543.html
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Wasps RFC - Home ground
1
In 1923 Wasps moved to a permanent
home at Sudbury, London|Sudbury,
Middlesex, eventually buying the ground
outright
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Wasps RFC - Home ground
1
In recent years, Wasps have played their
season opener in the London Double
Header at Twickenham
Stadium|Twickenham, in 2006 London
Double Header|2006 this drew a crowd of
51,950, breaking the record set in 2004
London Double Header|2004
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Wasps RFC - Home ground
While commercially the move was
seen as a success with Wasps winning
the game 24–23 in front of a crowd of
21,506, the move attracted criticism
from some of the club's supporters
1
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Wasps RFC - Home ground
In December 2008, Hayes bought
Wright's controlling interest and John
O'Connell's share holding in Wasps to
take complete control
1
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Wasps RFC - Honours
1
*'English Premiership (rugby
union)|English Champions
titles:' '6'
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Wasps RFC - Honours
*'Anglo-Welsh Cup|RFU Tetley's Bitter Cup
Powergen Cup / Powergen Anglo Welsh Cup' 'titles:'
'3'
1
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Wasps RFC - Honours
1
*'European Challenge
Cup|Parker Pen
Challenge Cup' 'titles:
1'
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Wasps RFC - Honours
*'Middlesex 7s
Tournament' 'titles:'
'5'
1
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Wasps Ladies
1
'Wasps Ladies Football Club' is a women's
rugby union based in Acton, London,
England. They were founded in 1984 and
play in the Women's Premiership. They
are the women's team of Wasps FC,
affiliated to English Premiership (rugby
union)|English Premiership team London
Wasps. They play their home matches at
Wasps FC's Twyford Avenue Sports
Ground.
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Wasps Ladies - History
1
Wasps Ladies run two teams with Wasps
Ladies II playing in Championship 2 South
West after being relegated from
Championship 1 South in 2013.
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Wasps Ladies - History
Being affiliated to London Wasps,
Wasps Ladies have played matches at
London Wasps' home ground, Adams
Park in High Wycombe,
Buckinghamshire. Wasps Ladies also
take part in charity games, including
playing against Guernsey
RFC|Guernsey Ladies in Sark.
1
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Wasps Ladies - Notable players
1
Wasps Ladies have provided a number
of players for international teams. Sue
Day and Shelley Rae played for both
Wasps Ladies and the England
women's national rugby union team.
Stephanie TeOhaere-Fox played for
both Wasps Ladies and the New
Zealand women's national rugby union
team.
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List of natural horror films - Bees and wasps
1
*Invasion of the Bee Girls
(1973; adult-rated)
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Environmental effects on forensic entomology - Wasps, ants, and bees
1
Wasps, ants, and bees (Order Hymenoptera)
are not necessarily necrophagous. While
some feed on the body, some are also
predatory, and eat the insects feeding on the
body. Bees and wasps have been seen
feeding on the body during the early stages.
This may cause problems for murder cases in
which larval flies are used to estimate the
post mortem interval since eggs and larvae
on the body may have been consumed prior
to the arrival on scene of investigators.
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Mandible (insect) - Ants, bees, and wasps
1
Most adult Hymenoptera have mandibles that
follow the general form, as in grasshoppers
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Kleptoparasitism - Bees and wasps
1
Such cases are rare in bees and wasps,
which tend to provide all of the food
for the larva before the egg is laid; in
only a few exceptional cases (such as
parasitic bumblebees) will a bee or
wasp female feed a larva that is not
her own species
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Defense in insects - Wasps
1
These wasps possess a gland located
in the VI abdominal sternite (van de
Vecht’s gland) that is primarily
responsible for making an ant
repellent substance
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History of the San Francisco 49ers - 2002–04 seasons: Last gasps of glory
1
In 2002 NFL season|2002, they produced
the second-greatest comeback in 49er
playoff history when Jeff Garcia lead the
team back from a 24-point deficit to win
39–38 against the 2002 New York Giants
season|New York Giants
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History of the San Francisco 49ers - 2002–04 seasons: Last gasps of glory
1
The period since the 2002 season has
been disastrous for the 49ers: injuries,
a weak offensive line, and an
inconsistent defense
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History of the San Francisco 49ers - 2002–04 seasons: Last gasps of glory
1
On September 26, 2004, the 2004 San
Francisco 49ers season|Niners were shut
out 34–0 by the 2004 Seattle Seahawks
season|Seattle Seahawks, their first such
loss in 420 regular season and 36 playoff
games, a league record
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History of the San Francisco 49ers - 2002–04 seasons: Last gasps of glory
1
During the 2004 NFL season|2004 season,
rumors that the Yorks might sell the team
began spreading
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History of the San Francisco 49ers - 2002–04 seasons: Last gasps of glory
1
After an extensive coaching search,
the 49ers announced the hiring of
Mike Nolan—defensive coordinator of
the Baltimore Ravens—as their head
coach for the 2005 season
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Insect hotel - Solitary bees and wasps
Solitary bees, some wasps and
bumblebees do not live within a
beehive|hive with a queen bee|queen.
There are males and females. A fertilized
female makes a nest in wood or stone and
borred into the wood in order to construct
a nursery.
1
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Insect hotel - Solitary bees and wasps
1
The most common bee hotel is created
from a sawn wooden log or portion of a
cut tree trunk in which holes are
drilled of different sizes (e.g
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Insect hotel - Solitary bees and wasps
1
Even a simple bundle of bamboo or Reed
(plant)|reeds, tied or put in an old tin can
and hung in a warm place, is very suitable
for solitary bees. The bamboo must be cut
in a specific way to allow entry for the
insects. Often people may add stems of
Sambucus|elderberry, rose or blackberry
shoots whose marrow can serve as a food
source as well.
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Characteristics of common wasps and bees
1
While easily confused at a distance or
without close observation, there are
many 'different characteristics of
common large bees and wasps' which
can be used to identify them.
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Wasps
1
Parasitic wasps are increasingly used
in agricultural pest control as they
prey mostly on pest insects and have
little impact on crops.
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Wasps - Taxonomy
1
In a similar respect, insects called velvet ants (the
family Mutillidae) are technically wasps.
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Wasps - Taxonomy
1
The suborder Symphyta, known commonly
as sawfly|sawflies, differ from members of
Apocrita by lacking a stinger and having a
broader connection between the
mesosoma and metasoma. In addition to
this, Symphyta larvae are mostly
herbivore|herbivorous and caterpillar-like,
whereas those of Apocrita are largely
predation|predatory.
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Wasps - Taxonomy
1
A much narrower and simpler but popular
definition of the term wasp is any member
of the aculeate family Vespidae, which
includes (among others) the genera known
in North America as yellow jackets
(Vespula and Dolichovespula) and hornets
(Vespa); in many countries outside of the
Western Hemisphere, the vernacular
usage of wasp is even further restricted to
apply strictly to yellow jackets (e.g., the
common wasp).
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Wasps - Categorizations
1
In some species, just the Gyne|wasp
queen and male wasps can mate,
whilst the majority of the colony is
made up of sterile female workers.
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Wasps - Characteristics
1
* Two pairs of insect wing|wings (except
wingless or brachypterous forms in all
female Mutillidae, Bradynobaenidae, many
male Agaonidae, many female
Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Tiphiidae,
Scelionidae, Rhopalosomatidae,
Eupelmidae, and various other families).
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Wasps - Characteristics
* An ovipositor, or stinger
(organ)|stinger (which is only present
in females because it derives from the
ovipositor, a female sex organ).
1
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Wasps - Characteristics
1
* Few or no thickened hairs (in contrast to
bees); except Mutillidae, Bradynobaenidae,
Scoliidae.
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Wasps - Characteristics
1
* Nearly all wasps are terrestrial; only a few
specialized parasitic groups are aquatic.
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Wasps - Characteristics
1
* Predation|Predators or parasitoids,
mostly on other terrestrial insects;
most species of Pompilidae (e.g.
tarantula hawks), specialize in using
spiders as prey, and various parasitic
wasps use spiders or other arachnids
as reproductive hosts.
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Wasps - Genetics
1
Therefore, under most conditions in most
species, wasps have complete voluntary
control over the sex of their offspring.
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Wasps - Anatomy and sex
1
In addition to their compound eyes, wasps also
have several simple eyes known as ocelli
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Wasps - Anatomy and sex
1
The difference between sterile female
worker wasps and queens also varies
between species but generally the
queen is noticeably larger than both
males and other females.
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Wasps - Anatomy and sex
Wasps can be differentiated from
bees, which have a flattened hind
Arthropod leg|basitarsus. Unlike
bees, wasps generally lack plumose
hairs.
1
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Wasps - Diet
Generally, wasps are parasites or
parasitoids as larvae, and feed on nectar
only as adults. Many wasps are predatory,
using other insects (often paralyzed) as
food for their larvae. In parasitic species,
the first meals are almost always derived
from the host in which the larvae grow.
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Wasps - Diet
Furthermore some wasps, such as the
Polistes fuscatus, may commonly return to
locations to forage in which they have
previously found prey.Richter, M
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Wasps - Pollination
Link:
http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/inde
x.php/rbb/article/view/1123 in a few
cases such as Ficus|figs pollinated by
fig wasps, they are the only
pollinators, and thus they are crucial
to the survival of their host plants.
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Wasps - Wasp parasitism
Parasitic wasps are typically
parasitoids, and extremely diverse in
habits, many laying their eggs in inert
stages of their host (Egg (biology)|egg
or pupa), or sometimes paralyzing
their prey by injecting it with venom
through their ovipositor
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Wasps - Wasp parasitism
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An example of a true brood parasite is
the paper wasp Polistes sulcifer,
which lays its eggs in the nests of
other paper wasps (specifically
Polistes dominula), and whose larvae
are then fed directly by the
host.Ortolani, I
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Wasps - Nesting habits of aculeate wasps
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Unlike honey bees, wasps have
no beeswax|wax producing
glands.
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Wasps - Solitary species
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One egg is laid in each cell, which is
then sealed, so there is no interaction
between the larvae and the adults,
unlike in social wasps
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Wasps - Social species
Most other social wasps do not
construct their nests in tiers, but rather
in flat or somewhat convex single
combs.
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Wasps - Social wasp reproductive cycle (temperate species only)
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Instead social wasps reproduce between a
fertile queen and male wasp; in some
cases queens may be fertilized by the
sperm of several males
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Wasps - First stage
After emerging from hibernation
during early summer, the young
queens search for a suitable nesting
site. Upon finding an area for their
colony, the queen constructs a basic
wood fiber nest roughly the size of a
walnut into which she will begin to lay
egg (biology)|eggs.
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Wasps - Second stage
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The sperm that was stored earlier and
kept dormant over winter is now used
to fertilization|fertilize the eggs being
laid
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Wasps - Third stage
The young queens will then leave the
colony to hibernate for the winter once the
other worker wasps and founder queen
have started to die off
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Wasps - Third stage
Unlike honey bee queens, wasp
queens typically live for only one year.
Also queen wasps do not organize
their colony or have any raised status
and hierarchy|hierarchical power
within the social structure. They are
more simply the reproductive element
of the colony and the initial builder of
the nest in those species which
construct nests.
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Wasps - Social wasp caste structure
Polistine nests are considerably smaller
than many other social wasp nests,
typically housing only around 250 wasps,
compared to the several thousand
common with yellowjackets, and
stenogastrines have the smallest colonies
of all, rarely with more than a dozen wasps
in a mature colony.
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Wasps - Common families
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* Chrysididae– cuckoo wasps
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Wasps - Common families
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* Eulophidae
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Wasps - Common families
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* Ichneumonidae, and
Braconidae
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Wasps - Common families
* Vespidae– Common Wasp, yellowjackets,
hornets, paper wasps (umbrella), potter wasps,
pollen wasps
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Biota of the Isle of Man - Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, Ants)
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*Agrothereutes
abbreviata
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Biota of the Isle of Man - Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, Ants)
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*Dolerus liogaster
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