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18th Century Developments: Road
to Revolution
I) Economic Developments
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A) Mercantilism--the operative economic theory of all
European powers 16th-18th centuries.
A1) Believed that for a nation (King) to be considered
strong--could not rely on Lords or foreign power for money.
A2) Gold and silver were the determination of wealth and
power of a nation.
A2a) Find Gold
A2b) Steal it--Sea Dogs.
A2c) Favorable balance of trade--export finished goods
(more expensive) and import less expensive items (raw
materials).
A3) Mercantilism was in keeping w/Medieval Europe--held
that the world’s wealth was fixed—what changed was the
amount of wealth held by each nation.
Economic Developments
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B) Applied mercantilism in England--king
had sole authority over the colonies because he
granted use of the land by giving charters.
B1) English King exercised his power through the
Privy
Council--a body of 30-40 advisors
appointed and responsible to the king solely.
B1a) Privy Council proved not to be effective
because it was indecisive.
B2) 1634--King established the Lords
Commissioners for Plantations in General-11 members that would be more decisive in
executing king’s decisions.
B3) English Civil Wars erupted which prevented
much work from being done.
Economic Developments
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B4) Navigation Act of 1651--passed
under Oliver Cromwell--excluded nearly
all foreign trade from English and colonial
trade.
B4a) Required that all goods imported
into England and the colonies must be on
English ships w/majority (51%) of the
crew being English.
B5) 1660--Restoration Period-Charles II and New Parliament continued
to expand mercantile system.
Economic Developments
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B6) 1660--Navigation Act--required
that not ½ but ¾ of the crew must be
English.
Also required that certain enumerated
articles (sugar, tobacco, indigo, dye) were
to be shipped directly to England.
B7) 1663--Navigation Act--also known
as Staple Act--required that all shipping
must go through England.
Economic Developments
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B8) 1673--Navigation Act--also known
as Plantation Duty Act or Revenue Act-required ship captains carrying
enumerated articles (sugar, coffee,
tobacco, etc.) to give bond for them to
guarantee that they will be shipped
through England.
--Gave captains the option of paying the
tax for the items as if they transported the
goods to England, while allowing them to
ship directly colony to colony.
--Created a staff of custom officials.
Economic Developments
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B9) 1675--Charles II--Created the
Lords of Trade and Plantations--to
handle trade problems.
B9a) Purpose was to make the colonies
profitable for
the mother country and
make the colonies abide by the mercantile
system.
B9b) Were responsible for appointing and
overseeing governors, handling all
correspondence w/colonial officers.
Responsible for revoking Massachusetts
charter in 1684 by Edward Randolph.
Economic Developments
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B10) James II ascends to the throne-1684--supported the formation of the
Dominion of New England--which
placed all colonies northern colonies south
to New Jersey under its jurisdiction.
Dominion of New England government
was completely under royal authority with
no consultation with local assembly.
Economic Developments
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B11) Glorious Revolution--1688-1689
B11a) Navigation Act of 1696--confirmed previous
restrictions on colonial trade w/a few modifications.
B11b) Required special oaths from colonial governors to
enforce acts.
B11c) Custom officials could use writs of assistance,
general search warrants.
B11d) Trials of accused would take place in Admiralty
Courts.—trials heard by judges appointed by governors.
B11e) Board of Trade was created to replace Lords of Trade
and Plantations.
1) new board composed of 8 privy councilors and 8 lay
persons.
2) governors were to report to the board.
Economic Developments
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C) Period of Salutary Neglect--1714-1750--Board of
trade remained active until 1725 when it became virtually
inactive.
C1) 1714-1727--George I
C2) 1727-1760-GeorgeII--Hanoverian followed Queen
Anne’s death--George I & II remained inactive.
C3) Acts passed during “Salutary Neglect”
C3a) Woolen Act--1699--prevent exports of neocolonial
sale of textiles.
C3b) Hat Act--1732--prevent export or neocolonial sale of
hats.
C3c) Molasses Act--1733--cut American imports of
molasses--not obeyed.
C3d) Currency Act--prohibited use of paper currency
directed at New England.
Economic Developments
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D) Why mercantilism remained
difficult to enforce
D1) British officials could be bribed .
D2) Americans already had or were
developing a sense of autonomy.
D3) Distance too far away to be enforced.
D4) Failure to implement mercantilism
during Americas “teenage years” will be
critical to colonists move to Revolution.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E) Effects of Mercantilism--Colonial Wars-Led to colonial wars as each European nation
competed to obtain the most profitable colonies,
thus, guaranteeing that their country would be
the most powerful.
E1) Anglo-Dutch wars--1652-1673-E1a) 3 Wars fought for control of New
Netherlands & the Fur Trade.-E1b) Resulted in England gaining New
Netherlands.
E1c) Not technically considered a colonial war.
By 17th--England and France would be main
rivals.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E2) King William’s War or the War of the League of
Augsburg--1689-1697
E2a) Under Charles II and James II--England had
maintained a friendly policy w/Louis XIV and secretly
borrowed money from him.
E2b) Glorious Revolution reversed this policy as William III
of Orange and Mary ascended the throne and were
already fighting the aggressive policies of Louis in
Netherlands and Germany.
E2c) Glorious Revolution automatically brought England
into war w/ France.
E2d) In the colonies King William’s war was a sideshow,
but there was some participation.
E2e) Treaty of Ryswick (1697) returned the colonies to
their prewar status.
Cost England and France money.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E3) Queen Anne’s War or the War of
Spanish Succession1702--1713
E3a) Purpose was to maintain a balance of
power.
E3b) 1700--Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV) grandson
received the Spanish throne--was also potential
heir to French throne.
E3c) In the colonies New England and S.
Carolina participated heavily in the fighting.
E3d) Iroquois and New York remained neutral.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E3e) 1713--Treaty of Utrecht concluded the war
1. England accepted Philip of Anjou as King of Spain as long as
he renounced his claim to the throne of France.
2. England received Gibraltar and the island of Minorca from
Spain.
3) Louis XIV gave up his attempts at Germany and recognized
British title to the Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova
Scotia) and ST. Christopher.
4) French also recognized British authority over the Iroquois.
5) France renounced any claim to special privileges in Spanish
and Portuguese trade in the Americas.
6) Spain agreed not to transfer any of its American territory to a
third party and allow the British to supply Spanish America w/
4800 slaves a year for 30 years and to allow the British to send a
ship to Panama once a year to participate in trade.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E4) 1739 War of Jenkins’s Ear-British captain lost an ear to the
Spanish when he was stopped for
smuggling.
E4a) Expedition led against Panama-unsuccessful.
E4b) Expedition led by General
Oglethorpe against St. Augustine.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E5) King George’s War or the War of
Austrian Succession--1744-1748
B5a) Started over the instability of
Austrian throne.
B5b) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1) British exchanged French Fort
Louisburg for Madras, India.
2) Ohio Valley area was already in dispute
as the French were moving up the
Mississippi and the Virginians and
Pennsylvanians were traveling over the
mountains in search of more land.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E6) French and Indian War--7 Years’ War--1754-1763
E6a) Began in the colonies over the Ohio Valley area-fought for 2 years before Europeans joined in-demonstrated colonists growing independence.
E6b) Lord Pitt decided that the turning point in the struggle
for power between British and French is North America. As
a result he focused British attention on NA, including
stationing large #s of troops there.
E6c)1754 Albany Congress--Board of Trade in London,
noting the skirmishes of the colonists, called for a meeting
in Albany New York to discuss mutual alliance against
French colonists and to handle Am. Indian issues.
E6c1) All colonies were represented as well as the Iroquois
Confederacy.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E6d) The meeting was used as an opportunity to
wheel and deal more land from the Iroquois.
E6e) B. Franklin drafted an inter-colonial
assembly to
work w/England to handle
defense and other issues.
E6f) Rejected by the colonists but sowed the
seeds for future union possibilities.
E6g) Treaty of Paris 1763--concluded the
French and Indian
1) France lost all of its North American
possessions—gave Quebec to British; Spain
(France’s ally) lost Florida to the British; France
gave Louisiana Territory to Spain.
Economic Developments: Colonial
War
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E6h) Significance of War and Treaty1) Ended France as an external threat to Br. Colonists.
2) Left the French bitter and thirsty for revenge.
3) Br. Colonists had a chance to see how ill-prepared the
British had been for fighting in the New World. Br. Colonists
were not impressed.
4) Br. Colonists had been frustrated and offended by
British regular soldiers--from either being denied upward
mobility, to jobs, to their vulgarity (Puritans).
5) British government began actively looking for a way for
the colonists to bear the expense of maintaining the British
presence in the New World and all the costs of the Colonial
Wars.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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A) Enlightenment-A1)Calvinism and Hobbes--belief in man’s innate inclination
to sin.
Some were saved and some were condemned.
A2) Hobbes--English philosopher writing during the
English Civil Wars--Leviathan--1651argued that man was
driven by ego--whatever brings him pain, he avoids and
whatever brings him pleasure, he pursues.
A2b) Hobbes described state of nature an unpleasant a
“war of all against all” and life as “nasty, mean brutish and
short.”
A2c) What brings man security is the strong powerful hand
of a king.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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A3) John Locke--an English philosopher who wrote during the
English Glorious Revolution-- Essay on Human
Understanding(1691)--Locke describes man’s mind as tabula rasa
(blank slate)--everything man becomes is learned (external)-man can be improved by improving the world around him.
A3b) Locke (friend and admirer of Newton) applied Newton’s
theories of natural laws translated into natural rights and man’s
ability to be rational by his ability to understand the universe
around him.
A3c) Locke in his Two Treatises of Government--claimed that
what defines man as an individual is his ability to make gains in
the state of nature through hard work, savvy, etc. Man enters
into a social contract--an agreement to give up some of his rights
to a third party (which he helped create) to protect his individual
rights (property rights). If this government fails to protect
property (individual) rights, man has every right to replace it
because he is the one who created it.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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A4) Enlightenment thinkers relied heavily on
science, math and reason to answer the
problems of the world. Many were wary of
religion--most were deists (watchmaker god).
A5) Enlightenment tended to turn people to
arminianism-- the idea that humans can do
things to help themselves and improve the world
around them.
A6) Led to a challenge to existing authority-absolute king, absolute rule, mercantilism, state
supported religion--prepared colonists for these
challenges.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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B) Great Awakening--Movement of religious revivalism
in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s
B1) Reaction and rejection of the Enlightenment.
B2) George Whitefield’s tour of the colonies sparked the
Great Awakening--He arrived here in 1738. Benjamin
Franklin was so impressed with him that he even emptied
his pockets to contribute.
B3) Jonathan Edwards’ “Sinner in the Hands of an Angry
God”--helped to bolster the belief in an all powerful god
while also pointing out the equality of all before the eyes of
God. Helped to erode the Calvinistic application of a few
chosen ones that held special favor.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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B4) Most of the major religions were split over whether or not to
support the Great Awakening.
Many existing religions had to adjust to the Enlightenment.
Old Lights
versus
New Lights
Opposed Great Awakening
proponents of Great Awaken
Supported order and reason
Revived Strict Calvinism
Unitarian or deists
Held on to Trinitarian.
Unitarians, Puritans, Anglicans
Baptists, Methodists, etc
B5) Great Awakening proved itself as a movement that was antiauthoritarian and encouraged individual choice.
A) Challenged established church authority and eventually spread
to secular parts of society such as governors, etc.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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C) Anglicization--American society in 1700s
increasingly began to resemble England.
C1) John Murrin argued opposite of Frederick
Jackson Turner’s Frontier thesis.
Argued that Americans became more like England
in part because the British forced them to such as
religious toleration and partly because of their
own interests in British culture.
C2) 9 colonies by Revolution were Royal colonies
C3) 1700s business records indicate an
enormous of English imports.
C4) 7 colonies had the Anglican church as the
official state religion.
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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D) Family Analogy--Basic underlying discrepancy
between Br. And colonists was the perception of American
place w/in the British Empire.
D1)British View--British leaders generally believed that the
colonists were subordinate and under the authority of the
British government.
D1b) The colonists as individuals had certain basic rights;
however, the American legislatures were a privilege granted
by Parliament, not a right.
King
Parliament
Colonial Legislatures
II) Cultural and Intellectual
Developments in the 18th Century
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D1c) Both sides used family analogy--England as
parent or mother and the colonies as the
children.
For the British, the relationship was permanent.
For the colonists, the relationship was dynamic-children grew up to be adults.
D2) Colonial View--believed that they had the
same rights as Englishmen in England.
D2b) Americans had a right to their individual
legislatures.
King
Parliament/Colonial Legislatures
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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A) Proclamation Line of 1763--forbade
colonists to move and settle beyond the
Appalachian Mtns.
A1) Issued by England until the frontier
had settled down- Pontiac’s Rebellion.
A2) Also, cost more to administer
w/people there.
A3) Added to the frustration of the
colonists, who needed and wanted more
land.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B) British Policy and events-B1) Grenville Acts--1763--Lord Grenville became First
Lord of Treasury--minister of finance.
b1a) 1763--Act for the Encouragement of Officers
Making Seizures--set up a new Vice Admiralty court in
Halifax--this prevented any sympathy for colonists.
Sugar Act—reduced tax on sugar, but now it would be
collected. Added new duties on foreign imports of textiles,
wine, coffee, and indigo.
B1c) Currency Act of 1764—colonists relied on printed
money because of shortage of hard money. Prohibited the
use of paper money-had a great impact.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B1d) Stamp Act of 1765--provided that all legal
documents, newspapers, calendars, pamphlets, gambling
devices had to bear a revenue stamp.
B1d2) Resulted in Stamp Act Congress 1765--protest in an
inter-colonial meeting--declared that Parliament did not
have the right to pass internal taxes.
B1d3) 1766--after storm of protest in both the colonies
and England, the stamp act was repealed.
Declaratory Act was simultaneously passed--stating that
Parliament had the right to make laws binding the colonies
in “all cases whatsoever.”
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B1e) Quartering Act of 1765--forced all
the colonists to provide troops that were
stationed there w/ provisions, barracks,
inns, or empty buildings.
Really impacted New York--the
headquarters of the British army.
B2) Grenville was replaced by
Rockingham, who was replaced by Pitt,
who was replaced by Charles Townshend.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B3) Townshend Acts-B3a) Revenue Act 1767--1. additional tax on colonial
imports of glass, lead, paint and tea.
1. New Board of Customs Commissioners setup at Boston-the smuggling headquarters.
2. Reorganized Vice Admiralty Courts--providing for 4-Halifax, Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston.
3.The revenue from this act served as direct payment of
governors and other officers--freeing them up from
dependency on local assemblies.
B4) 1769--Lord North became Prime Minister and wanted
better relations w/colonists; good friend of the king.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B5) March 5, 1770--Boston Massacre
occurred-tension was high between
colonists and British soldiers.
B5a) 5 colonists died and many more
were wounded
B5b) John Adams defended the soldiers-all were acquitted w/ the exception of 2
who were charged w/ manslaughter.
John Adams argued that the soldiers had
been provoked by a “motley rabble of
saucy, Negroes, mulattoes, and Irish
teagues.”
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B6) Tea Act of 1773--Lord North allowed for
the direct importation of tea in order to save the
British East India Tea Company from bankruptcy.
This angered many in the colonies who made
their money smuggling, such as John Hancock.
Became cheaper than Dutch smuggled tea.
Knocked out many merchant middlemen, who
made their money shipping from England to the
colonies.
B7) 1773-Boston Tea Party--Lord North became
convinced that he could no longer be easy on
colonists and that they must be brought into line.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B8) Coercive or Intolerable Acts--1774
B8a) Boston Port Act--closed the port of Boston
until the tea
had been paid for.
B8b) Massachusetts Government Act-government officials were to be appointed by the
crown, not General Assembly.
No town meetings would be held w/out
governor’s consent.
B8c) Administration of Justice Act--provided
that British officials in Massachusetts accused of
committing a crime could only be tried in
England.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
B8d) Quartering act--gave British commanders
the power to station troops wherever they
wanted. These acts were designed to make
Boston an example, but instead it hastened
colonial unity.
 B8d) Quebec Act--not a coercive or intolerable
act, just bad timing on the British part.
--Allowed French Canadians to live under French
law, French language, recognized Catholicism as
official religion and opened the western lands of
the Ohio river area up for their settlement.
These are the same areas that Conn.,Va., and
Penn. had claims to.
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III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B9) Colonial Reaction--1st Continental Congress-Sept. 5, 1774 in Philadelphia--all were present except
Georgia.
B9a) Original purpose was not to rebel, but to issue
protests and resolutions.
B9b) Galloway Plan--named after Joseph Galloway from
Pennsylvania--closely followed the Plan of Union from
Albany Congress. Inter-colonial legislature working with
executive of England (Governor).
B9c) April 18, 1775--events were speeding up and the
British had received word that weapons were stored in
Concord and that John Hancock and Samuel Adams were
also there.
B9d) At Lexington, Concord 73 British soldiers were shot
and killed.
III) Events Leading to the
Revolution
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B10) 2nd Continental Congress--met in Philadelphia
May 10, 1775
B10a) colonists immediately formed an acting government.
B10b) created an army--Continental Army
B10c) Appointed George Washington to serve as
Commander.
B10d) Issued paper money to pay army.
B10e) authorized representatives to establish diplomatic
ties w/other countries who might be willing to help.
B10F) Sent a message to the British king-the colonists had
no intentions of declaring independence--as soon as
England recognized colonists’ rights, there would be no
fighting.
B11) British responded by sending 25,000 troops
B12) 1776--Congress met again to sign the Declaration of
Independence.
IV) Alliances and Conclusions to
the War
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A) France--1776--Louis XVI lent the colonists military
supplies and money.
A1) The defeat of the British at Saratoga--1777-influenced
the French to formally join the fight.
A2) Treaty of Alliance--Feb. 6, 1778--prohibited either
party, colonists or French, from signing a separate peace
treaty.
A3) Spain entered on the side of the French, but not the
Americans.
A4) 1780--French sent troops over.
A5) Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 1781--this
reaffirmed in many Brits minds to let the colonists go.
A6) British were diplomatically surrounded and could not
afford to fight any longer.
IV) Alliances and Conclusions to
the War
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B) Treaty of Paris 1783--formally ended the
Revolutionary war.
B1) Br. Formally recognized US independence.
B2) Br. Promised to get out of northwest.
B3) US promised to have state governments
reimburse the Br. for confiscated loyalist
property.
B4) Br. promised to repay Americans for slaves
set free at the end of the war.
B5) Both promised to recognize each others
right to navigate the Mississippi.
C) Treaty of Versailles--1783--Between Br. and
Spain--Spain got FL back.
IV) Alliances and Conclusions to
the War
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D) Why Americans won?
D1) British generals were blunderers.
D2) French support.
D3) Not all the British people supported
the war.
D4) American leadership.
D5) International demand for slice of
British pie.
D6) Americans had home field
advantage--only had to fight defensive
war.