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Dated 15 Oct 2004
Notes are copyrighted. Author : Mr Anthony Tang, Bowen Secondary School
CHEMISTRY SUMMARY NOTES FOR ‘O’ LEVEL
TOPIC
MNEMONICS
Experimental
Techniques
NIL
REMARKS (Need to know about)
- Separate insoluble substances from soluble
substances.
[i.e. Dissolution
Filtration
Saturation
(Evaporation)/ Crystallisation]
- Chromatography : separating soluble solutes using
a suitable solvent (e.g different coloured inks)
Elements, Mixtures
& Compounds
Chemical Formula
NIL
Cations
H+
Cu2+
Fe2+, Fe3+
Zn2+
Structure of atoms
- Definition of element, mixture and compounds.
- 3 differences between mixtures and compounds
Anions
SO42SO32NO32OH-
NIL
*Chemical bonding Metal
+ Non-metal
Non-metal + Non-metal
- Memorise charges of elements that cannot be found
using the Periodic Table.
- Crossing of numbers to get the correct formula.
- Charge of protons (+), electrons (-) and neutrons (0)
- Electrons in shells while protons and neutrons in
nucleus
- Protons = electrons for a neutral atom
(i.e all elements in the Periodic Table)
- When protons ≠ electrons, atoms are charged.
(that explains why electrons lost or gained)
Ionic
Covalent
3 differences between Ionic/ covalent compounds
1) Solubility in water / organic solvents
2) Electrical conductivity when molten or aqueous
3) Melting pt / Boiling pt
1
- Definition of ionic and covalent compounds
- Draw electronic structure of ionic and covalent
compounds.
[Ionic – transfer of electrons, strong electrostatic forces
of attraction between oppositely charged ions]
[Covalent – sharing of electrons, weak intermolecular
forces of attraction]
Dated 15 Oct 2004
Notes are copyrighted. Author : Mr Anthony Tang, Bowen Secondary School
TOPIC
*Mole Concept
MNEMONICS
REMARKS
FOUR-BOX RULE
Name of substance
Name of substance
Para 2
STANDARD
Mass
Volume
Mole
No. of particles
:
:
:
:
Ar/ Mr
24 dm3 at r.t.p
1
6.0 X 1023 atoms/ molecules
STANDARD
TO BE FOUND
Bonds formed, heat released. (Exothermic)
Heat absorbed, bonds broken. (Endothermic)
STANDARD
TO BE FOUND
Para 2
GIVEN DATA
Energy changes
Para 1
Para 1
ANSWERS
Exothermic :
Heat released, temperature increase
Endothermic :
Heat absorbed, temperature decrease.
Rates of reaction
*Acids, bases and
salts
Factors affecting rates of reaction
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Pressure
Concentration
Catalyst
Temperature
Gradient of curve affected by SPCCT
Height of graph affected by amount and
volume of substances.
General way to identify chemicals through chemical formulae
Acids
: H in front
Bases
: OH or O behind
Salts
: Neither an acid or base
Chemical formulae you must KNOW
HCl
- hydrochloric acid
H2SO4
- sulphuric acid
HNO3
- nitric acid
*Chemical properties of acids
Acid + Base
Salt + Water
Acid + Metal
Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Carbonate
Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
NaOH
KOH
NH3 , NH4OH
*Chemical properties of bases
Base + Ammonium salt
Salt + Ammonia + Water
2
- sodium hydroxide
- potassium hydroxide
- aqueous ammonia,
ammonium hydroxide
Dated 15 Oct 2004
Notes are copyrighted. Author : Mr Anthony Tang, Bowen Secondary School
TOPIC
Metals
MNEMONICS
REMARKS
*Reactivity series of metals :
Please : K (Potassium)
Holiday
Sue
: Na (Sodium)
Condo
Can
: Ca (Calcium)
Must
Move
: Mg (Magnesium)
Sell
All
: Al (Aluminium)
Good
Zombies : Zn (Zinc)
Price
Into
: Fe (Iron)
The
: Sn (Tin)
Loo
: Pb (Lead)
[Remember properties and uses of metals]
Extraction of metals
– react vigorously with
water/steam and acid
Normal font – moderate to mild with
water/steam and acid
Italicized – No reaction with water and acid
In bold
: H (Hydrogen)
: Cu (Copper)
: Hg (Mercury)
: Ag (Silver)
: Au (Gold)
: Pt (Platinum)
Ingredients added from the top of the Blast furnace
Coke
(C)
Iron Ore
(Fe2O3)
Limestone (CaCO3)
- Displacement of metals
[The more reactive metal (head) ‘kick out’
the less reactive metal from the ‘gang’]
‘Kick out’ – Use displace instead.
[N.B : When displacement of metals
occurs, deposits appear.]
Produce lots of CO2
C + O2
CO2
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
Change CO2 to CO
CO2 + C
2CO
Materials from the side of the Blast Furnace
Air
(O2)
Fe2O3 reduced to CO
Fe2O3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO2
(Swing from ‘tree’(3) to(2) ‘tree’(3))
Removal of impurities
CaO + SiO2
CaSiO3 (molten slag)
(Both are impurities)
3
Dated 15 Oct 2004
Notes are copyrighted. Author : Mr Anthony Tang, Bowen Secondary School
TOPIC
MNEMONICS
Metals/ Non – metals
REMARKS
NIL
Group I Elements
- Reactivity increases as you move down
the group.
Group VII Elements
- Reactivity decreases as you move down
the group.
Remember chemical and physical
properties of Group I and Group VII elements
(i.e displacement reactions, reaction with each
other)
Fractional distillation of
crude oil
Composition of air
- The uses of the different fractions
Peter
Pan
Never
Kills
Dead
Fat
Lying
Bees
Petroleum Gas (consists mostly of methane)
Petrol
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel Oil
Fuel Oil
Lubricating Oil
Bitumen
MUST KNOW THE PERCENTAGES BY HEART
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Noble gas (mainly Argon)
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
79%
20%
<1%
0.03%
Variable
- In a reaction involving air, when
combustion takes place, oxygen is used
up.
{therefore, about 80% gas left}
- Name pollutants in air and state one
harmful effect each.
(SO2, Pb compounds, CO, CFC)
- How is acid rain formed?
4
Dated 15 Oct 2004
Notes are copyrighted. Author : Mr Anthony Tang, Bowen Secondary School
TOPIC
MNEMONICS
REMARKS
Organic Chemistry
Mummy
Eats
Peanut
Butter
Pancake
Happily
MetEthPropButPentHex-
1-Carbon
2-Carbon
3-Carbon
4-Carbon
5-Carbon
6-Carbon
- Remember general formula of alkanes,
alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acid.
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Carboxylic acid
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n+1 OH
CnH2n+1 COOH
- *To differentiate alkenes, use bromine
water.
Alkane - Bromine water remains orangered.
Alkene - Bromine water decolourised.
Organic Chemistry
Making of alcohol
- Know the physical and chemical
properties of alkenes and alcohols
Ingredients required
1) Sugar Solution
2) Yeast
3) Anaerobic condition (i.e no oxygen)
4) Temperature : 30 – 35°C
Chemical properties of alkenes
-Reaction with bromine
-Reaction with hydrogen
-Reaction with itself
(addition polymerisation)
Alcohol is formed from the reaction between
an alkene and steam.
Catalyst : Phosphoric (V) acid
Chemical properties of alcohol
-Burn in air to form carbon dioxide and
water
-React with carboxylic acid to form ester
and water
5
Dated 15 Oct 2004
Notes are copyrighted. Author : Mr Anthony Tang, Bowen Secondary School
TOPIC
Organic Chemistry
(Macromolecule)
MNEMONICS
REMARKS
In addition polymerisation,
make the molecule into the shape of an H in relation to
C=C double bond.
Once that is done, remove centre line, extend 2 lines
to the sides, bracket followed by subscript n
Chemical properties of carboxylic acid
-React with alcohol to produce ester and
water.
List 3 uses of plastics.
O
||
-C-O-
Synthetic
Ester linkage
Terylene
O
||
-C-N|
H
Amide linkage
Nylon
Natural
Fats
Protein
Nylon
: same letters when the box is covered.
N-
Amide
C-
-N
C-
-C
: different letters when the box is covered.
-N
C-
-N
TER in TERylene, you are reminded of esTER
6
List 3 advantages and disadvantages of using
plastics.