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Bell Quiz:
1. What did Hitler do to the U.S.
immediately following Pearl Harbor?
2. What system did the U.S. employ to
successfully attack German U-boats?
3. Which country in the axis powers
did Roosevelt and Churchill agree to
attack first?
4. Where did the Nazi army meet its
first defeat?
5. Define unconditional surrender?
Answers
1. Declared war on the U.S; Ordered
attacks on U.S. ships on the east coast
2. Convoy system. Escorted by ships with
sonar and planes with radar.
3. Germany. Believed Hitler was a bigger
threat than Japan.
4. Stalingrad
5. The enemy would have to accept the
peace terms of the allied forces
without negotiations.
Objectives
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Summarize the Allies’ plan for
winning the war.
Identify major events and battles
in the beginning of the war such
as the Battle of Stalingrad,
Operation Torch, the Italian
Campaign.
Hitler’s Europe
Use pages 569-573 to answer the
following questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why was winning the Battle of the
Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes of
the Allies?
Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so
important?
Why did you think the U.S. started
with attacking the Germans in
North Africa?
What happened to the Allied
invasion of Italy?
Japan Attacks
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Japan was led by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor
Hirohito.
Goal was to unite East Asia under Japanese rule.
U.S. protested Japanese aggression by cutting off trade (oil
embargo).
December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, the largest
U.S. naval base in the Pacific.
In less than 2 hours, the Japanese had killed 2,403
Americans and wounded 1,178.
21 ships had been sunk or damaged, nearly the whole U.S.
Pacific fleet.
300 airplanes destroyed.
On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attack U.S. forces in
the Philippines.
Congress quickly approved Roosevelt’s request for a
declaration of war against Japan.
3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United
States.
War Plans
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Beginning December 22, 1941, Prime
Minister Churchill spent three weeks
at the White House working out war
plans with President Roosevelt.
They believed that Germany and Italy
posed a greater threat than Japan.
Churchill and Roosevelt planned to
strike against Hitler first.
The plan was to gain the upper hand
in Europe before focusing on the war
in the Pacific.
Attack North Africa and the soft under
belly of Europe.
Battle of the Atlantic
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The German goal in the
Atlantic was to prevent
food and war materials
from reaching Great
Britain and the Soviet
Union.
By August 1942, Germany
had sunk 681 Allied boats
in the Atlantic.
Allies responded by
organizing their cargo
ships into convoys.
The convoys were
escorted by U.S.
destroyers and airplanes.
By mid-1943 the tide of
the Battle of the Atlantic
had turned in the Allies
favor.
North Africa
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November 1942, the
Allies launch Operation
Torch: an invasion of
Axis-controlled North
Africa.
Commanded by
American General
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Germany was led in
Africa by Erwin
Rommel.
May 1943, Rommel
surrendered.
The Italian Campaign
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Summer 1943, The Allied forces
captured Sicily.
The Italian government forced Mussolini
(Il Duce) to resign.
On July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel
III stripped Mussolini of his power and
had him arrested.
Hitler and Germany refused to give up
Italy so easily and made their stand 40
miles outside of Rome.
“Bloody Anzio” lasted 4 months until
the end of May 1944. 25,000 Allied
soldiers died and 30,000 Germans died
The Allied effort to free Italy did not
succeed until 1945.
Stalingrad: 7/17/42-2/2/43
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The Battle of Stalingrad was the first major turning
point of WWII and the bloodiest battle in modern
history.
Stalingrad was a major industrial center that Hitler
wanted destroyed.
By the end of September 1942 Germany controlled
nine-tenths of the city by going house to house in
brutal hand-to-hand combat.
When winter hit the Soviets army closed around the
city with fresh tanks and troops, cutting off supplies
to German troops.
The German commander surrendered on
1/31/1943.
The Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked a turning
point in the war. The soviet army began moving
westward.
1.1 million soviets died. Germany lost 1.5 million.
D-Day: June 7, 1944
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The Allies agreed that the
best approach to victory
was a massive invasion of
France across the English
Channel (Operation
Overlord).
Dwight D. Eisenhower
was given command of
Operation Overlord.
Eisenhower planed to
attack Normandy in
northern France with 3
million Allied troops.
On June 6, 1944,
Eisenhower ordered the
invasion of France (Dday).
D-day was the largest
land-sea-air operation in
army history.
D-DAY
1200 fighting ships
4126 landing craft
804 transport ships
10,000 airplanes
23,000 airborne troops
132,500 soldiers transported
across the English Channel on Day
1.
THE ATLANTIC WALL
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Erwin Rommel spent several
years fortifying the cliffs and
beaches on the European
coast with concrete walls to
deter a possible allied
invasion.
6 million mines were placed
in Northern France and the
English Channel.
Under water obstacles were
constructed in the English
Channel and anti-tank
obstacles built on the
beaches.
D-DAY INVASION
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Operation “Body Guard”:
Phantom army built in Dover,
England was given message to
attack Calais, France-150
miles away-across the English
Channel.
Phantom army was
commanded by General
Patton.
The Germans intercept the
message and Hitler orders the
bulk of the German troops to
fortify Calais.
Fake parachutist with guns
that fire upon impact with the
ground.
Operation Body Guard
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm
/british_history/7260
D-DAY
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On June 6, 1944 3 allied divisions
parachuted down behind German
lines shortly after midnight.
The job of the light infantry
airborne units was to isolate and
remove the German howitzers that
protected the English Channel and
to block the Germans from getting
reinforcements to the beach cities.
D-Day
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At 6:30 AM on June 6, 1944 the Allied air planes
ineffectively bombed the beaches and pillboxes of
Normandy for 1 hour.
At 7:30 AM the Allied forces began landing troops
on the beaches.
The U.S. took 2 beaches-Utah and Omaha.
Britain and Canada took 3 beaches-Gold, Juno,
and Sword.
The allies held an 80 mile strip of the beach after
7 days, but within a month the allies had landed
1 million troops.
By August 25, 1944 the allied forces had
liberated Paris and Northern France from German
occupation.
LUCK ON D-DAY
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2)
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4)
Weather. Would have had to wait until end
of July if the weather wasn’t good enough
on June 6 for the attack.
Operation Body Guard fooled the Germans.
Largest German battalion stayed at Calais
convinced the allies would attack there.
Rommell left the front and went home to
celebrate his wife’s birthday.
Hitler was asleep at the time of the attack
and no one was brave enough to wake him
up.
Review
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What was the Allies’ plan for winning
the war?
What type of surrender did the allies
demand from the axis powers?
Where is Normandy and what is the
importance of the D-Day invasion?