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Arthropoda Modern crustacea Trilobita Cenozoic (65-present) Mesozoic (251-65 mya) Paleozoic (542-251 mya) Crustaceamorph stem line Precambrian (>542 mya) Rupert et al. fig 21-23 Collembola Thysanura “Apterygota” Entognatha Hexapoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Pterygota Odonata Neoptera Phasmida Orthoptera Isoptera Zoraptera Dermaptera Plecoptera Neoptera Holometabola Grylloblattaria Sternorrhyncha Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Anoplura Mallophaga Blattaria Psocoptera Thysanoptera Hemipteroids Mantodea Zoraptera • Tropical • Live in rotting wood • Eat fungal hyphae, tiny arthropods • Poorly studied Isoptera - termites Caste system within termite colonies Worker Soldier Queen Workers tend the colony, gather food Soldiers cannot feed themselves, they have a nozzle-shaped snout for exuding noxious chemicals; defend colony from ant attack. Queens add a set of ovaries with each molt → very high fecundity (1000’s/day); >1 Queen/colony; kings resemble large worker and mate repeatedly with queens Termites • Several kinds of termites based on diet – Subterranean* (live up to 20 ft underground) – Soil-feeding – Drywood* – Dampwood – Grass-feeding * Types that infest and eat human buildings Termites • All termites eat cellulose – Cellulose has high energy, but difficult to digest – Gut bacteria have cellulase – Gut protozoa have symbiotic bacteria in their guts – Some “higher” termites (subterranean) can produce cellulase, but they still also have a rich gut flora to aid in cellulose digestion Mantodea – the mantids Mantodea – the mantids • • • • Raptorial first legs (“praying”) (also preying!) Mobile neck joint 3 extra eye on top of head Sexual cannibalism: females eats male during copulation to get food and enhance sexual performance (tonus and locomotion of abdominal activity) Blattaria – the cockroaches • Aka blattodea • Have mobile neck joint • A few feed on wood and have endosymbiotic flagellates (like isopterans) • Fast runners! Phasmida Orthoptera Isoptera Zoraptera Dermaptera Plecoptera Neoptera Holometabola Grylloblattaria Sternorrhyncha Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Anoplura Mallophaga Blattaria Psocoptera Thysanoptera Hemipteroids Mantodea Hemipteroids • Have piercing, sucking mouthparts Hemipteroids • In days of old… – O Hemiptera, O Homoptera • • • • Current thinking: O Heteroptera = true bugs O Sternorryncha = aphids, scale insects O Auchenorryncha = leaf hoppers, tree hoppers, plant hoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs • Many hemipteroids are important crop pests Heteroptera: true bugs Sternorryncha Both aphids and scale insects are important crop pests Both form mutualistic interactions with ants (produce honeydew in exchange for protection) Auchenorryncha Psocoptera: bark lice, book lice • Live in humid crevices and feed on fungi (under bark, old musty books) Other lice • O Anoplura – sucking lice of mammals – Often host-specific e.g. human crab louse, human head louse Other lice • O Mallophaga – chewing lice – All non-anopluran lice (polyphyletic) – Mostly found on birds Thysanoptera -thrips • • • • Suctorial mouthparts Common in flowers (serve as pollinators) Vectors of disease on some crops Fringed wings Phasmida Orthoptera Isoptera Zoraptera Dermaptera Plecoptera Neoptera Holometabola Grylloblattaria Sternorrhyncha Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Anoplura Mallophaga Blattaria Psocoptera Thysanoptera Hemipteroids Mantodea Holometabula • Development: larva to pupa to adult