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LANDMARKS
IN HUMANITIES
Chapter 4
Revelation: The Flowering of World Religions
ca. 1300 B.C.E.–1000 C.E.
Judaism
2

The Hebrews
 Ethical
monotheism
 Belief
in single, benevolent, all-knowing god requiring
obedience to divine laws of right conduct
 Became fundamental tenet of Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam
 Knowledge
of Hebrews comes from the Bible
 Originated
in Sumer
 Under Abraham of Ur, migrated and settled in Canaan
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Judaism
3
 Book
of Genesis; establishment of divine
relationship between God and Hebrews
 Covenant
bound Hebrews to God in return for God’s
protection
 Hebrews
migrated to Egypt; enslaved
 Around 1300 B.C.E., Moses led exodus out of
Egypt and back toward Canaan
 Settled
near Dead Sea
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Judaism
4
 Formation
of fundamentals of Hebrew faith
 Moses
encounters Yahweh at Mount Sinai
 Hebrew Decalogue (Ten Commandments)


Defines proper relationship between God and faithful, and
between and among members of Hebrew community
The Hebrew State
 Hebrews
defeated Philistines for Canaan
 King David
 Psalms
 King
Solomon
 Solomon’s
Temple: Ark of the Covenant
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Judaism
5
 After
death of Solomon, nation assumed two
administrative districts
 Israel
(north)
 Judah (south)
 Israel
fell to Assyrians in 722 B.C.E.
 “Lost
 Judah
Tribes of Israel”
conquered by Chaldeans in 586 B.C.E.
 Hebrews
taken into bondage
 Solomon’s Temple destroyed
 Beginning of Babylonian Captivity
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Judaism
6
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Judaism
7
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Judaism
8

The Hebrew Bible
 Torah
 Earliest
portion of Bible
 Founding religious document of Judaism
 Writings
of the prophets
 Destiny
of a people is divinely directed
 God punishes or rewards actions of humankind on
earth, not in the hereafter
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Judaism
9
 Jews
freed by Persians; return to Judah
 Under scholar Ezra, books of the Bible become
more central in shaping Jewish identity
 Book
of Job
 Not until 90 C.E. was list of canonic books that
constituted the Hebrew Bible made

Diaspora
 Oral


debate and interpretation of scriptural ordinances
Mishna
Talmud
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Judaism
10
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Judaism
11

The Arts of the Hebrews
 Biblical
injunction against three-dimensional art
 Frescoes
 Music
in early synagogues
tied to prayer and worship
 Cantors
chanted biblical passages as part of Hebrew
liturgy
 Prayers in responsorial style; antiphonal practice
 Sacred music monophonic
 Music memorized and passed along

No system of notating until ninth century C.E.
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Christianity
12

The Greco-Roman Background
 Roman
religion was a blend of native and
borrowed traditions
 Pagan
 Augury
 Welcomed
gods of non-Roman people
 Roman
tolerance created lack of religious
uniformity in Empire
 No promise of retribution in afterlife or eternal life
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Christianity
13

Mystery Cults
 Near
East agricultural societies celebrated
seasonal change
 Isis:
Egypt
 Cybele: Phrygia
 Dionysus: Greece
 Mithra: Persia
 Symbolic


performances of birth, death, rebirth
Baptism
Communal meal
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Christianity
14

Judea Before Jesus
 Troubled
 Spiritual
 Discord
 Many



times for Jewish population
values threatened by secular empire
within Jewish population
awaited arrival of Messiah
Sadducees
Pharisees
Essenes
 Dead Sea Scrolls
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Christianity
15

The Coming of Jesus
 Gospels:
writings that describe life and teaching
of Jesus (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
 Jesus embraced ethical principles of Judaism,
emphasized pacifism and anti-materialism
 Sermon
 Jesus
 Put

on the Mount
was condemned as threat to stability
to death by Roman governor Pontius Pilate
Resurrection
 Early
representation: redeemer and protector
 Good
Shepherd
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Christianity
16

Paul: Co-Founder of Christianity
 Apostles
claimed that resurrection anticipated a
Second Coming
 Only small part of Judean population became
Christian in first 100 years after Jesus’ death
 Paul taught that Jesus was a reformer of Judaism
 Through Paul’s writings, message of Jesus
gained widespread appeal
 Jesus’
act of atonement
 Redemption, eternal salvation, everlasting life
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Christianity
17
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The Spread of Christianity
18

The Spread of Christianity
 Many
factors influenced growing receptivity to
Christianity within Roman Empire
 Large
gaps between rich and poor
 Increasing impersonalism
 Bureaucratic corruption
 Assaults by Germanic tribes
 Jesus’
message easy to understand, accessible
to all, and free of regulations and costly rituals
 Unique feature: historical credibility
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The Spread of Christianity
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 Edict
of Milan (313 C.E.)
 Legalized
Christianity; proclaimed religious tolerance
 By
end of fourth century, Christianity official
religion of Roman Empire

The Christian Identity
 The
Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.)
 Nicene
Creed
 Roman
Catholic Church rose in West; Greek
Orthodox in East
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The Spread of Christianity
20

Christian Monasticism
 Communal
asceticism
 Basil of Caesarea
 The Benedictine rule
 Poverty,
chastity, obedience
 Women
prohibited from positions of Church
authority
 Benedictine

nunneries
Scholastica
 Regular
clergy played important role in education;
preservation of literature and history
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The Spread of Christianity
21

The Latin Church Fathers
 Development
of Christian dogma and liturgy
 Jerome

Translated Bible into Latin
 Vulgate
 Ambrose


Fused Hebrew, Greek, Southwest Asian traditions into
Christian doctrine and liturgy
Wrote earliest Christian hymns
 Gregory

Established administrative machinery of Church of Rome
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The Spread of Christianity
22
 Augustine
 Great
philosopher of Christian antiquity
 Confessions

Distinction between physical and spiritual mode of
personal existence
 City
of God
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The Spread of Christianity
23

Symbolism and Early Christian Art
 Symbolism
often more significant than literal
meaning
 Sign
of the fish
 Alpha/omega
 Numbers
thought to bear allegorical meaning
 Catacombs
 Jesus
as Good Shepherd
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The Spread of Christianity
24
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The Spread of Christianity
25

Early Christian Architecture
 In
West, church building based on Roman basilica
 Hierarchy


of spaces
Latin cross plan
Symbolized soul’s progress from sin to salvation
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The Spread of Christianity
26
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The Spread of Christianity
27

Byzantine Art and Architecture
 Golden
Age of Byzantine culture under Justinian
 Silk
 Code
of Justinian
 Ambitious
program of church building in
Constantinople
 Greek

 San

cross plan
Hagia Sophia
Vitale, Ravenna
Mosaic
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The Spread of Christianity
28
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The Spread of Christianity
29
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The Spread of Christianity
30

The Byzantine Icon
 Schism
between Eastern and Western Churches
over role of icons
 Byzantine images formulaic; archetypal

Early Christian Music
 Music
of the Mass
 High
Mass: Gregorian chant
 Five ordinary parts of the Mass

“Kyrie eleison”; “Gloria”; “Credo”; “Sanctus”;
“Benedictus Dei”; “Agnus Dei”
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ISLAM
31

The Coming of Muhammad
 Muslims
 Angel
recognize Muhammad as a prophet
Gabriel
 Emphasis
on centrality of bond between Allah and
believers
 Community
whose gratitude toward God governs
every aspect of life and conduct
 “Five Pillars”
 At
outset, Muhammad forced to abandon Mecca
 Hijra
 Returned;
conquered it; destroyed idols in Kaaba
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ISLAM
32
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ISLAM
33

The Qur’an
 Muhammad’s
revelations as written down by his
disciples
 Muslim
guide to spiritual and secular life
 114 chapters (suras)
 Believed

to be eternal and absolute word of God
Hadith
 Second
source of Muslim religious/legal tradition
 Words
and deeds of Muhammad as reported by
followers

Sharia
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The Spread of Islam
34

The Spread of Islam
 Spread
of Islam aided by easy rules of conduct,
absence of priestly hierarchy
 Unification of tribal population of Arabia propelled
Muslims into East Asia, Africa, and the West
 Jihad:
fervent religious struggle
 Militant coercion; economic opportunities

Commercial and social benefits to conversion
 Muhammad
never designated successor
 Sunni/Shiites
 Caliphs
oversaw establishment of Muslim Empire
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The Spread of Islam
35

Islam in Africa
 Muslims
came to dominate trans-Sahara network
 Islam mixed with aspects of local belief systems
 Became Africa’s
fastest growing religion
 Attracted following of ruling elite

Islam’s Golden Age
 Baghdad
between eighth and tenth centuries
 Multiethnic
trade center; urban population
 Sufism
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The Spread of Islam
36
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The Spread of Islam
37

Early Islamic Art and Architecture
 Mosque
is first and foremost place for prayer
 Oriented
toward Mecca
 The Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain
 Muslims
condemned worship of idols, likenesses
of living creatures
 Instead, combination of geometric, arabesque,
and calligraphic motifs
 Mosaic;
glazed tile
 Bold colors
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The Spread of Islam
38

Early Islamic Music
 Early
Muslims regarded music as forbidden
pleasure
 Muslims made landmark contribution to
development of solo songs; instrumental music
for secular entertainment; music composition
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Beyond the West:
Buddhism
39

Buddhism
 Siddhartha
renounced his wealth after discovery
of the three “truths” of existence: sickness, old
age, death
 Through meditation he arrived at the full
perception of reality that became basis of his
teaching
 “Wheel


of the Law”
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path; nirvana
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Beyond the West:
Buddhism
40

The Spread of Buddhism
 Emphasis
on non-attachment, humility, meditation
 Scribes compiled stories of Buddha’s birth
(Jataka) and sayings (Dhammapada)
 During third century B.C.E., became state religion
of India
 Many different sects developed
 Mahayana

Gave Buddha divine status
 Bodhisattvas
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Beyond the West:
Buddhism
41

Early Buddhist Architecture
 Buddha’s
ashes enshrined in stupas
 Three-dimensional
realization of cosmic mandala
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Beyond the West:
Buddhism
42
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