Download Zoology Ch. 15 The Hexapods and Myriapods Subphylum

Zoology Ch. 15 The Hexapods and Myriapods
Subphylum Myriapoda
The subphylum Myriapoda is divided into ________ classes, Diploda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda. They are all
_______________, and they are characterized by a body consisting of ________ tagmata (___________ and ____________)
and ________________ appendages.
Class Diploda
The class Diploda contains the _________________. Millipedes have ________ to _____________ segments derived from
an embryological and evolutionary ___________ of primitive metameres. The result of the fusion is ________ pairs of
appendages on each ____________ segment. Each segment is actually the fusion of __________ segments. Fusion is also
reflected _______________ by _________ ganglia, _________ pairs of ostia, and ___________ pairs of tracheal trunks per
segment. Milipedes are __________________ in distribution and are nearly always found in or under _________ _________,
humus, decaying logs. Their epicuticle _______ ________ contain much wax, so their habitat choice is important to prevent
________________. Their many ____________ help them to push against the substrate. Millipedes feed on decaying ______
Matter using their _____________ by chewing or scraping. Millipedes roll into a __________ when faced with desiccation or
when disturbed. Some millipedes have _________________ glands that produce hydrogen cyanide, which ____________
other animals. Male millipedes transfer sperm to female millipedes with modified trunk appendages, called ______________.
Eggs are fertilized as they are ____________ and hatch in several weeks. Immatures acquire more ____________ and
______________ with each molt until they reach adulthood.
Class Chilopoda
Members of the class Chilopoda are the ________________. Most centipedes are ______________ and scurry about the
surfaces of _________, rock, or other forest debris. Centipedes also ____________ a waxy cuticle and require _________
Habitats. Their bodies are _______________ in cross section, and they have a __________ pair of long legs on each of their
______ or more trunk segments. The last pair of legs is a ___________ structure. Centipedes are _________ moving
predators. They eat small arthropods, earthworms, and snails. ___________ claws, maxillipeds _________ or immobilize
prey. Maxillipeds with the mouth appendages _____________ the prey as mandibles _________ and ____________ the
food. Most centipede venom is ______________ to humans. Centipede reproduction may involve courtship displays in which
the __________ lays down a silk web using glands at the posterior tip of the body. He places a spermatophore in the web,
which the female ___________ up and introduces into her genital openings. Eggs are fertilized as they are __________. A
female brood and guard eggs by wrapping her ____________ around the eggs or deposit them in the soil. Young are
___________ to adults, but with fewer legs and segments. Legs and segments are added with each ___________.
Classes Pauropoda and Symphyla
Members of the class Pauropoda are _______ -bodied animals with _______ segments. These animals live in forest-floor liter
where they feed on ________ and dead decaying organic matter. They have a very ___________ and thin moist
_________________ to allow gas exchange across the body surface and ____________ of nutrients and wastes in the body
cavity. Members of the class Symphyla are __________ arthropods that occupy __________ and leaf mold and resemble
centipedes. They lack _________ and have ________ leg-bearing trunk segments. The posterior segment may have
spinnerets, and they feed on decaying _____________.
Subphylum Hexapoda
The subphylum Hexapoda includes animals whose bodies are divided into __________ tagmata, have ________ pairs of
head appendages, and __________ pairs of legs on the thorax. Hexapoda includes ________ classes, Entognatha and Insecta.
Class Insecta
Members of the class Insecta are the largest in ____________ of species of individuals and the most ______________ on
land.
External Structure and Locomotion
The body of an insect is divided into _________ tagmata: _________, thorax, and abdomen. The head has a _________ pair
of antennae, mouthparts, complex eyes, and ________, two or three ocelli. The thorax consists of ____________ segments.
They are from anterior to posterior, the ______________, the ________________, and the ________________. One pair of
_______ attaches to each ______________ segment, and a pair of __________ when present attaches at the mesothorax and
metathorax. Wings have thickened ___________ veins for increased strength. The thorax also contains two pairs of
_____________ which are openings to the _____________ system. Most insects have _______ or _________ abdominal
segments with each having a pair of ______________.
Insect Flight
Insect flight involves either __________ (synchronous) flight mechanism or an ___________ (asynchronous) flight
mechanism.
Other Forms of Locomotion
Insects walk, ________, jump, or ________ across the ground or substrates.
Nutrition and the Digestive System
Insects are very ____________ in their feeding methods. Mouthparts of insects are adapted for ___________, piercing, and
or sucking, and the gut tract may be modified for ____________, storage, digestion, and water conservation.
Gas Exchange
Insects have a highly branched systems of ________-lined tubes called ____________ for gas exchange. Tracheae provide
for little _______ ____________ in respiration. Tracheae open to the ____________ of the through spiracles, which usually
have a closure device to prevent excess water loss. Spiracles lead to tracheal trunks that ______________ , eventually giving
rise to ___________ branches, the tracheoles.
Circulation and Temperature Regulation
The circulatory system of insects is ________________ to other arthropods, but the blood vessels are __________ well
developed. Blood distributes nutrients, ______________, and wastes, and amoeboid blood cells participate in body
________________ and repair mechanisms. Blood is _________ important in gas transport. Insects have different methods
for ______________________. Most insects warn themselves in the ____________, while others may ___________ flight
muscles, beat their _____________ together.
Nervous and Sensory Functions
The nervous system of insects is similar to that of ____________ and other arthropods. The supraesophageal _____________
is associated with sensory structures of the ____________. Connectives join the supraesophageal ganglion to the
subesophageal ganglion which innervates the mouthparts and salivary glands to influence other body parts. ___________
ganglia of the thorax and abdomen ___________ to various degrees in different taxa. Insects also possess a __________________________ visceral nervous system that innervates the __________, reproductive organs, and heart. Sense organs
of insects are _____________ to those found in other arthropods, but are ______________ for functioning on land. ________
are distributed over the mouthparts, antennae, and legs. Johnston’s organs are ______________ mechanoreceptors located in
the base of the antennae that have __________ setae that vibrate when certain frequencies of sound strike them.
________________ _______________ are in the legs of crickets and katydids, in the abdomen of grasshoppers and some
moths, and in the thorax of other moths. Tympanal organs consist of a thin, cuticular membrane covering a large _________
__________. The air sac acts a ________________ chamber to detect sound. Insects use _________________ in feeding,
selection of egg laying sites, mate location, and sometimes social organization. Chemoreceptors are usually abundant over
the _________________, antennae, ovipositor and take the form of __________, pegs, pits, and plates that have one or more
___________ leading to internal ________ endings. Chemicals _____________ through these pores and bind to and excite
nerve endings. All insects are capable of detecting ___________ and may use light in orientation, navigation, feeding, and
other functions. _______________ eyes are well-developed and consist of a few to ___________ receptors called
__________________, that fuse into a multifaceted eye. Compound eyes detect __________________ of light that the
human eye ____________ detect especially in __________________.
Excretion
The primary insect excretory structures are ______________ tubules and the rectum. Malpighian tubules _________ in the
hemocoel and __________ to the gut tract at the junctions of the midgut and the hindgut. ______________ cover the inner
surfaces of the cells. Various __________ are actively transported into the tubules, and ____________ passively follows.
____________ acid is secreted into the tubules and then into the gut, as are amino acids and ions. In the ____________,
water, certain ions, and other materials are reabsorbed and the uric acid is ____________________.
Chemical Regulation
________________ regulate many insect functions, including ecdysis and ____________________. Pheromones are
chemicals emitted by the insect that alter the ________________ of another member of the same species.
Reproduction and Development
One of the reasons for insects’ ________________ is their __________ reproductive potential. Complex interactions
between _____________ and _____________ environmental factors regulate sexual maturity. Internal regulation includes
interactions between _______________ glands and __________________ glands. External regulating factors may include
the _________________ and _______________ of food. Insect adaptations for reproduction on ___________ include
______________ eggs, _____________ genitalia, and behavioral mechanisms that bring __________ and ___________
together at appropriate times. Abdominal copulatory appendages of the ____________ usually transfer sperm to an
____________________ of the female reproductive tract, the sperm ______________. Eggs are fertilized as they
______________ the female and are usually laid near the larval _____________ supply. Females may use an
____________________ to deposit eggs in or on some substrate.
Insect Development and Metamorphosis
Insect evolution has resulted in the divergence of _________________ and ______________ body forms and habitats. For
insects in the superorder Endopterygota, immature stages called _______________ instars are a time of _____________ and
accumulation of reserves for the transition to adulthood. The adult stage is associated with reproduction and ____________.
In these orders, insects tend to spend a ________________ part of their lives in _________________ stages. Metamorphosis
of an insect may be _____________________, the primary difference between adults and larvae are ___________
__________ and ____________ maturity; _______________________, involves a ____________-______________ number
of molts between egg and adult stages
During which ___________________ gradually take on the ______________ form; _____________________, immatures
are called ______________ because they are very _____________ from the adult body form, behavior, and habitat.
Neuroendocrine and endocrione secretions _______________ metamorphosis. Hemimetabolous development is egg,
_____________, adult. Holometabolous is egg, ____________, pupa, adult.
Insect Behavior
Insects have many _______________ behaviors. Insects show ________________ , born with instincts; or _____________,
capable of learning and remembering requires experience.
Insects and Humans
Many insects are _________________ to humans or agricultural products. Others ____________ cultivated plants and stored
products.