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Zoology Ch. 15 The Hexapods and Myriapods Subphylum Myriapoda The subphylum Myriapoda is divided into ________ classes, Diploda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda. They are all _______________, and they are characterized by a body consisting of ________ tagmata (___________ and ____________) and ________________ appendages. Class Diploda The class Diploda contains the _________________. Millipedes have ________ to _____________ segments derived from an embryological and evolutionary ___________ of primitive metameres. The result of the fusion is ________ pairs of appendages on each ____________ segment. Each segment is actually the fusion of __________ segments. Fusion is also reflected _______________ by _________ ganglia, _________ pairs of ostia, and ___________ pairs of tracheal trunks per segment. Milipedes are __________________ in distribution and are nearly always found in or under _________ _________, humus, decaying logs. Their epicuticle _______ ________ contain much wax, so their habitat choice is important to prevent ________________. Their many ____________ help them to push against the substrate. Millipedes feed on decaying ______ Matter using their _____________ by chewing or scraping. Millipedes roll into a __________ when faced with desiccation or when disturbed. Some millipedes have _________________ glands that produce hydrogen cyanide, which ____________ other animals. Male millipedes transfer sperm to female millipedes with modified trunk appendages, called ______________. Eggs are fertilized as they are ____________ and hatch in several weeks. Immatures acquire more ____________ and ______________ with each molt until they reach adulthood. Class Chilopoda Members of the class Chilopoda are the ________________. Most centipedes are ______________ and scurry about the surfaces of _________, rock, or other forest debris. Centipedes also ____________ a waxy cuticle and require _________ Habitats. Their bodies are _______________ in cross section, and they have a __________ pair of long legs on each of their ______ or more trunk segments. The last pair of legs is a ___________ structure. Centipedes are _________ moving predators. They eat small arthropods, earthworms, and snails. ___________ claws, maxillipeds _________ or immobilize prey. Maxillipeds with the mouth appendages _____________ the prey as mandibles _________ and ____________ the food. Most centipede venom is ______________ to humans. Centipede reproduction may involve courtship displays in which the __________ lays down a silk web using glands at the posterior tip of the body. He places a spermatophore in the web, which the female ___________ up and introduces into her genital openings. Eggs are fertilized as they are __________. A female brood and guard eggs by wrapping her ____________ around the eggs or deposit them in the soil. Young are ___________ to adults, but with fewer legs and segments. Legs and segments are added with each ___________. Classes Pauropoda and Symphyla Members of the class Pauropoda are _______ -bodied animals with _______ segments. These animals live in forest-floor liter where they feed on ________ and dead decaying organic matter. They have a very ___________ and thin moist _________________ to allow gas exchange across the body surface and ____________ of nutrients and wastes in the body cavity. Members of the class Symphyla are __________ arthropods that occupy __________ and leaf mold and resemble centipedes. They lack _________ and have ________ leg-bearing trunk segments. The posterior segment may have spinnerets, and they feed on decaying _____________. Subphylum Hexapoda The subphylum Hexapoda includes animals whose bodies are divided into __________ tagmata, have ________ pairs of head appendages, and __________ pairs of legs on the thorax. Hexapoda includes ________ classes, Entognatha and Insecta. Class Insecta Members of the class Insecta are the largest in ____________ of species of individuals and the most ______________ on land. External Structure and Locomotion The body of an insect is divided into _________ tagmata: _________, thorax, and abdomen. The head has a _________ pair of antennae, mouthparts, complex eyes, and ________, two or three ocelli. The thorax consists of ____________ segments. They are from anterior to posterior, the ______________, the ________________, and the ________________. One pair of _______ attaches to each ______________ segment, and a pair of __________ when present attaches at the mesothorax and metathorax. Wings have thickened ___________ veins for increased strength. The thorax also contains two pairs of _____________ which are openings to the _____________ system. Most insects have _______ or _________ abdominal segments with each having a pair of ______________. Insect Flight Insect flight involves either __________ (synchronous) flight mechanism or an ___________ (asynchronous) flight mechanism. Other Forms of Locomotion Insects walk, ________, jump, or ________ across the ground or substrates. Nutrition and the Digestive System Insects are very ____________ in their feeding methods. Mouthparts of insects are adapted for ___________, piercing, and or sucking, and the gut tract may be modified for ____________, storage, digestion, and water conservation. Gas Exchange Insects have a highly branched systems of ________-lined tubes called ____________ for gas exchange. Tracheae provide for little _______ ____________ in respiration. Tracheae open to the ____________ of the through spiracles, which usually have a closure device to prevent excess water loss. Spiracles lead to tracheal trunks that ______________ , eventually giving rise to ___________ branches, the tracheoles. Circulation and Temperature Regulation The circulatory system of insects is ________________ to other arthropods, but the blood vessels are __________ well developed. Blood distributes nutrients, ______________, and wastes, and amoeboid blood cells participate in body ________________ and repair mechanisms. Blood is _________ important in gas transport. Insects have different methods for ______________________. Most insects warn themselves in the ____________, while others may ___________ flight muscles, beat their _____________ together. Nervous and Sensory Functions The nervous system of insects is similar to that of ____________ and other arthropods. The supraesophageal _____________ is associated with sensory structures of the ____________. Connectives join the supraesophageal ganglion to the subesophageal ganglion which innervates the mouthparts and salivary glands to influence other body parts. ___________ ganglia of the thorax and abdomen ___________ to various degrees in different taxa. Insects also possess a __________________________ visceral nervous system that innervates the __________, reproductive organs, and heart. Sense organs of insects are _____________ to those found in other arthropods, but are ______________ for functioning on land. ________ are distributed over the mouthparts, antennae, and legs. Johnston’s organs are ______________ mechanoreceptors located in the base of the antennae that have __________ setae that vibrate when certain frequencies of sound strike them. ________________ _______________ are in the legs of crickets and katydids, in the abdomen of grasshoppers and some moths, and in the thorax of other moths. Tympanal organs consist of a thin, cuticular membrane covering a large _________ __________. The air sac acts a ________________ chamber to detect sound. Insects use _________________ in feeding, selection of egg laying sites, mate location, and sometimes social organization. Chemoreceptors are usually abundant over the _________________, antennae, ovipositor and take the form of __________, pegs, pits, and plates that have one or more ___________ leading to internal ________ endings. Chemicals _____________ through these pores and bind to and excite nerve endings. All insects are capable of detecting ___________ and may use light in orientation, navigation, feeding, and other functions. _______________ eyes are well-developed and consist of a few to ___________ receptors called __________________, that fuse into a multifaceted eye. Compound eyes detect __________________ of light that the human eye ____________ detect especially in __________________. Excretion The primary insect excretory structures are ______________ tubules and the rectum. Malpighian tubules _________ in the hemocoel and __________ to the gut tract at the junctions of the midgut and the hindgut. ______________ cover the inner surfaces of the cells. Various __________ are actively transported into the tubules, and ____________ passively follows. ____________ acid is secreted into the tubules and then into the gut, as are amino acids and ions. In the ____________, water, certain ions, and other materials are reabsorbed and the uric acid is ____________________. Chemical Regulation ________________ regulate many insect functions, including ecdysis and ____________________. Pheromones are chemicals emitted by the insect that alter the ________________ of another member of the same species. Reproduction and Development One of the reasons for insects’ ________________ is their __________ reproductive potential. Complex interactions between _____________ and _____________ environmental factors regulate sexual maturity. Internal regulation includes interactions between _______________ glands and __________________ glands. External regulating factors may include the _________________ and _______________ of food. Insect adaptations for reproduction on ___________ include ______________ eggs, _____________ genitalia, and behavioral mechanisms that bring __________ and ___________ together at appropriate times. Abdominal copulatory appendages of the ____________ usually transfer sperm to an ____________________ of the female reproductive tract, the sperm ______________. Eggs are fertilized as they ______________ the female and are usually laid near the larval _____________ supply. Females may use an ____________________ to deposit eggs in or on some substrate. Insect Development and Metamorphosis Insect evolution has resulted in the divergence of _________________ and ______________ body forms and habitats. For insects in the superorder Endopterygota, immature stages called _______________ instars are a time of _____________ and accumulation of reserves for the transition to adulthood. The adult stage is associated with reproduction and ____________. In these orders, insects tend to spend a ________________ part of their lives in _________________ stages. Metamorphosis of an insect may be _____________________, the primary difference between adults and larvae are ___________ __________ and ____________ maturity; _______________________, involves a ____________-______________ number of molts between egg and adult stages During which ___________________ gradually take on the ______________ form; _____________________, immatures are called ______________ because they are very _____________ from the adult body form, behavior, and habitat. Neuroendocrine and endocrione secretions _______________ metamorphosis. Hemimetabolous development is egg, _____________, adult. Holometabolous is egg, ____________, pupa, adult. Insect Behavior Insects have many _______________ behaviors. Insects show ________________ , born with instincts; or _____________, capable of learning and remembering requires experience. Insects and Humans Many insects are _________________ to humans or agricultural products. Others ____________ cultivated plants and stored products.