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The Kepler Mission
S. R. Kulkarni
https://kepler.nasa.gov/images/videos/transitAnimation1.mov
KEPLER HAS THE PRECISION TO FIND EARTHS & IT IS THE FIRST TO
DISCOVER LIGHT FROM THIS PLANET
Measurement scatter is within
the line thickness.
Magnification by 7 shows
transits + occultation
Occultation is the size of a
transit by Earth-size planet.
Rise in light between
transits is discovery of light
from the planet itself.
IS IT A PLANET OR A FALSE POSITIVE?
M* = 1.3 MSun
Mplanet = 3.9 ± 0.19 MJupiter
r = 6.31 g/cm3
ACTIVE-OPTICS IMAGE OF THE TARGET
“STAR” SHOWS IT TO BE TWO STARS
The fact that there are two stars instead of one makes it difficult to
determine the size of the planet and its distance from its star and
therefore whether it is in the habitable zone.
KEPLER: A Wide Field-of-View Photometer that Monitors ≥150,000
Stars for 3.5 yrs with Enough Precision to Find Earth-size Planets in
the Habitable Zone
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Observe for several years to detect transit patterns.
Monitor a single large area on the sky
continuously to avoid missing transits.
Use heliocentric orbit .
Observe up to 170,000 targets at 30 minute
cadence & 512 at 1 minute cadence.
Photometry done on the ground.
Get statistically valid results
by monitoring ≥100,000 stars with;
• Wide Field-of-view telescope
(100 sq deg), and
• Large array of CCD detectors.
Optical pass band of the instrument
95 cm Schmidt
Corrector
Focal
Plane
Radiator
1.4m
Primary
Mirror
Focal
Plane
Electronic
s w/
Focal Plane
42 Science
CCD’s &
4 Fine
Guidance
Sensors
94.6 million science
pixels
42 science CCDs,
2 channels each
4 fine guidance
sensor (FGS) CCDs
LAUNCH ON MARCH 6, 2009
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Second level
 Third level
 Fourth level
 Fifth level
53-week, Earth-trailing orbit
Kepler Field of View
Click link or graphic to play movie:
http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/AnimationsandMore/animations/mediatelecona
nimations/?ImageID=106
Kepler Orrery
or·rer·y
ˈôrərē/
noun
noun: orrery; plural noun: orreries
a mechanical model of the solar system, or of just the sun, earth, and moon, used to represent their relative positions & motions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnY1Vl6BaYo
Today!
Pushing to ηEarth – Q1-Q17 planet catalogue
12 new, small
planet candidates
in the habitable
zone
521 new planet
candidates total
Detection
completeness
measured over
full observing
baseline, full
target list
Automated
vetting procedure
Earth-like planet
KEPLER’S FIRST ROCKY PLANET: KEPLER-10b
Kepler-10 Light Curve
15
Kepler-10 Light Curve
Period = 45.29 days
16
Kepler-10 Light Curve
Period = 45.29 days
17
Period = 45.29 days
Kepler-10 Light Curve
Period = .84 days
Period = 45.29 days
Kepler-10 Light Curve
Period = .84 days
Doppler Measurements Yield
Planet Mass
Mass = 4.6 M
Composition of Kepler-10b
Multi-planet systems
Durations in Systems
Kepler-11 parameters
Asteroseismology
ASTEROSEISMOLOGY RESULTS PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE SIZE AND
AGES OF
STARS & PLANETS
Young, rapidly oscillating stars.
Frequency-power spectra of three solar-like stars.
Old, slowly pulsating stars.
Color-magnitude diagram for NGC 6819.
Kepler results are a major improvement over all prior observations.
CLOSE ENCOUNTERS EXCITE “A” STARS
KOI-54: The Remarkable Pulsating, Periastron-Pumped Binary Star. W. Wesh et al
KEPLER ASTEROSEISMIC SCIENCE CONSORTIUM INVESTIGATIONS