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CHAPTER 18 / THE ENLIGHTENMENT & AMERICAN REVOLUITON World History Progress and Reason By the early 1700’s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind The Scientific revolution of the 1500-1600’s had transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world Scientific successes convinced educated Europeans of the power of reason Why not use reason to discover natural laws or laws that govern human nature Using methods of science to study human behavior and problems of society So the Scientific Revolution led to a revolution in thinking called the Enlightenment Through reason people and government could solve every 1. social problem 2. political problem 3. economic problem Two Views of the Social Contract In the 1600’s two key Enlightenment English thinkers who had lived through the English Civil War came up with two different ideas about human nature and the role of the government 1. Hobbs 2. Locke Hobbs and Locke Thomas Hobbes Wrote Leviathan Felt man was naturally cruel, greedy and selfish and if they were not strictly controlled they would fight, rob and oppress one another. Life would be solitary, poor, brutal and short To escape this brutish life people entered into a Social Contract or agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society. The best for of government was an absolute monarch which could impose order and compel obedience John Locke He wrote Two Treaties of Government Locke’s view of people was that they were reasonable and moral and they had certain natural rights or rights that belonged to all humans from birth such as 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property People formed a government to Protect their natural rights The best government was on that had limited power and was accepted by all citizens He felt government has an obligation to the people it governs and if it fails its obligation or violates the people’s natural rights people have the right to overthrow that government Separation of Powers Baron Montesquieu studied the governments of Europe as well as ancient and medieval Europe, Chinese and Native American cultures He wrote Spirit of Laws Felt that the separation of powers of the government was the best protection of liberty The three separate branches are 1. Legislative Branch (make the laws) 2. Executive Branch (enforces the laws) 3. Judicial Branch (interprets the laws) Checks and Balances: when each branch would act as a check on the other two This was a major influence on the writing of the constitution of the United States Checks and Balances The Philosophes and Society In France, Enlightened thinkers applied the scientific method to better understand and improve society and lead to reforms of government, law and society These thinkers were called philosophies meaning lovers of wisdom Voltaire Defends Freedom of Thought Voltaire used wit to expose the abuses of his day targeting corrupt officials and idol aristocrats as well as inequality injustice, superstition, slave trade and religious prejudice His outspoken remarks landed him in prison and forced into exile His books were outlawed and burned but he continued to defend the principle of Freedom of Speech "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it Voltaire The Encyclopedia Denis Diderot edited the Encyclopedia which was 28 volumes long and took him 25 years to produce Though it was widely criticized and even banned in some countries over 20,000 copies were printed and its ideas help spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe and across the Atlantic to America Jean-Jacques Rousseau Rousseau believed people were basically good but were corrupted by the evils of society especially the unequal distribution of property He wrote Social Contract about how society placed too many limitations on people’s behavior but the minimal controls that were necessary should be imposed only by government who had been freely elected He put great faith in the general will or best conscience of the people He felt the individual should be subordinate to the community Rousseau Women / Economics The Enlightenment slogan “ Free and Equal” did not apply to women Physiocrats focused on economic reforms looking for natural laws to define a rational economic system Laissez Faire / Adam Smith Physiocrats urged a policy of Laissez Faire (hands off the economy) allowing business to operate with little or no government interference They supported free trade and opposed tariffs or taxes Wrote The Wealth of Nations Argued a free market and the laws of supply and demand should be allowed to regulate business activity The marketplace was better off without any government regulations ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS SPREAD From France Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe with people everywhere examining traditional beliefs and customs in the light of reason and finding them flawed Even monarchs experimented with Enlightenment ideas until they threatened the established way of doing things In the new Age of Reason medieval thought of divine right rule, strict class system and heavenly rewards for earthly suffering seemed unscientific and irrational Censorship Governments and church authorities felt it was their duty to defend the old order and protect against attacks of the Enlightenment using censorship or restricting access to ideas and information by banning books and imprisoned writers Salons New literature, arts and philosophy were regularly discussed at Salons or informal social gatherings They originated in 1600’s when groups of noble women invited friends over for poetry readings Enlighten Despots Some rulers accepted Enlightenment ideas and became known as Enlighten Despots or absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social changes Frederic k the Great King of Prussia and saw himself as the “first servant of the state” and wanted to work for the common good He directed reforms towards making Prussian government more efficient and a stronger monarchy for himself Reforms included: developed the Prussian academy of science distributed seed and tools to peasants tolerated religions reorganized civil services simplified laws Catherine the Great Empress of Russia intended not to give up any power and to expanded the empire Her reforms were: granted nobles a charter of rights criticized serfdom Joseph II Emperor of Austria successor of Maria Theresa Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn their problems, nicknamed the Peasant Emperor His reforms were: granted toleration to Protestants and Jews ended censorship tried to bring the Catholic Church under royal control sold property of monasteries/convents to build hospitals abolished serfdom Unfortunately most reforms were canceled after his death The Arts and Literature /Courtly Art Art, music and literature also changed to reflect Enlightenment ideas and tastes Baroque: Architecture: in a grand complex style Paintings were huge, colorful and full of movement By the mid 1700’s the new style of Rococo developed which was personal, elegant and charming Caravaggio The Conversion of Saint Paul Caravaggio / Medusa Caravaggio Bacchus Rembrandt The Night Watch Rembrandt Self Portrait Rococo Interior Rococo Interior Fragonard's The Swing Watteau The Embarkation for Cythera Trends in Music Major musical figures: Johann Sebastian Bach wrote for the organ and choirs George Frederick Handel wrote many operas Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote symphonies Top 10 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5 3bwqBZeKQQ Lives of the Majority Throughout most of Europe peasant life changed little although it did vary from country to country Serfdom did survive in Western Europe By 1700’s radical ideas about equality and social justice did seep into peasant villages and by the 1800’s political upheaval and economic changes would transform peasant life in Europe BRITAIN AT MID CENTURY Over the next century Britain will build a colonial and commercial empire reaching around the world It will develop a constitutional monarchy, a political system between absolute monarchies and democracies How did this island nation rise to such prominence in the 1700’s It had a great location for trade “The Sun Never Sets On The British Empire” British Empire Success in War and Business Britain was generally on the winning side in wars Treaty of Utrecht: England got Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and, parts of N. America Britain monopolized the salve trade in Spanish America Treaty of Paris ending the Seven Year War gave Britain all of French Canada British East India Company pushed French out of India Britain had no large standing army It did develop a powerful navy England offered a more favorable climate to business and commerce than other European nations with few restrictions on trade Scotland and Ireland England merged with Scotland in 1707 with the Act of Union joining the in the United Kingdom of Great Britain which included Wales Many Scots resented the union England controlled Ireland since the 1100’s In the 1600’s English rulers tried to subdue the Catholics by sending Protestant to settle there Irish fiercely resisted with many uprisings to this day Growth of Constitutional Government New political institutions developed after the Glorious Revolution such as 1. political parties 2. the cabinet 3. prime minister Britain’s government evolved in into a constitutional government where a government whose power is defined and limited by law British government is not a single document but many such as Magna Carta and Bill of Rights Political Parties in England TORIES with mostly aristocrats who sought to preserve older traditions and supported royal powers and a dominant Anglican Church WHIGS were generally urban business who supported religious toleration and favored Parliament over the crown The Cabinet System Emerged in the 1700’s when the throne was inherited by a German prince George I who spoke no English and relied on leaders in Parliament to help him rule These advisors also helped George II set policy and were called the Cabinet because they met in a small room or cabinet In time they gained official status and were made up of leaders of the majority party in the House of Commons Prime minister / Politics The Prime Minister The head of the Cabinet was called the Prime minister He was the leader of the Majority party The first official prime minister was Walpole Politics and Society During this time Britain was an oligarchy or government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people This was the landholding aristocrats The right to vote was limited to male property owners George III Reasserts Royal Power In 1760, George III began a 60 year reign and was eager to recover the powers of the crown he wanted to 1. End Whig dominations 2. Choose his own ministers 3. Dissolve the cabinet system 4. Make Parliament follow his will Personal Rule / Cabinet Rule After the Seven Years War (French and Indian war) Parliament passed harsh measures to force Americans to pay their cost of the war In 1775 these conflicts would trigger the American Revolution Britain’s loss of America discredited the king He also suffered from bouts of mental illness Cabinet rule was restored in 1788 After Napoleons long wars British came to see the Prime Minister as the real political leader BIRTH OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC Early 1776 English colonist read “Common Sense” by Thomas Payne which called on them to declare their independence “Tis repugnant to reason, to the universal order of things, to all examples from former ages, to suppose that this Continent can long remain subject to any external power” What does this mean? The 13 English Colonies Britain applied mercantilist policies to the colonies and passed the Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing but weren’t enforced and smuggling was common and not considered a crime by the colonist By 1700’s colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups and social distinctions were more blurred than in Europe although government and society and were dominated by wealthy landowners and merchants. In politics there was much free discussion and Colonists felt entitled to the rights of English citizens and their colonial assemblies exercised much control of local affairs. Many were felt an increasing sense of their own destiny separate from Britain Keith Hughes American Revolution 25 min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOjKiLDV3vI Crash Course American rev 12:40: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EiSymRrKI4 Growing Discontent Since the British wars drained the treasury, King George III felt the colonist should help pay for the war so Britain began enforcing log neglected laws regulating colonial trade Colonist saw this as an attack on their rights and protested “ No taxation without representation” because they had no representative in Parliament so Parliament had no right to tax them Sugar Tax on Molasses Stamp Act on all printed matters – documents and newspapers (boycott of British goods) Tea Act on tea (Boston Tea Party) Intolerable Acts which closed the Boston harbor until colonist pay for destroyed tea in the Boston Tea Party Parliament repealed some but kept and maintained its right to impose taxes on the colonist. Early Clashes After a series of clashes in Dec. 1773 the “Boston Massacre” occurred when colonist, while protesting the tea tax 5 colonist were killed by British troops Finally representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia and became the Continental Congress to decide what action to take Declaring Independence The Continental Congress was set up with George Washington commanding it The Second Continental Congress voted to declare independence from Britain Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence It claimed people had the right to alter or abolish unjust government and to revolt It emphasized popular sovereignty which states that all government power comes from the people It also detailed the colonists’ grievances against Britain. Since the king had trampled on the colonists’ natural rights the colonist had the right to rebel and set up a new government Too Late to apologize: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_56cZGRMx4 Keith Hughes 3:29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8BTq61bmuY The Causes American Revolution About a third of the colonist were Loyalist who supported Britain Many refused to fight for either side Colonist had little money and resources but were fighting for independence and were fighting on their own soil for their farms and towns Crash Course: Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw&index=28&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C 9 How do the Compare? French Alliance The turning point in the war came in 1777 when the colonist defeated the British at the Battle of Saratoga France had joined the Americans and added much needed supplies, trained soldiers and warships Then the Netherlands and Spain added their support Crash Course American Revolution 11:26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw Treaty of Paris / New Constitution Finally in 1781, added by the French fleet, Washington forced the surrender of the British army at Yorktown American, British and French diplomats end the war with the signing of the Treaty of Paris The first national government was set up with the Articles of Confederation but it proved to be ineffective Delegates met again in 1787 and secretly hammered out the Constitution of the United States Keith Hughes: https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=-TJg7PYM14E The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas Framers of the Constitution absorbed the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau, plus STUDIED HISTORY They saw government as a Social Contract (We the People) and provided for an elected legislature and an elected president rather than a monarch. The fist president was George Washington It created a Federal Republic where power is divided between the federal or national government and the states The central feature was the separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches and within each branch was a system of Checks and Balances First 10 amendments were the Bill of Rights that recognized the idea that people had basic rights that government must provide for INFLUENCE OF THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OUTCOME IN ENGLAND ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS People elect representatives to Parliament, which is supreme over monarch All citizens have natural rights WRITINGS OF JOHN LOCKE People have natural rights such as life, liberty. And property There is a social contract between people and government CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT Government is limited and defined by law Political parties, the cabinet, and the office of prime minister IMPACT ON THE UNTIED STATES IMPACT ON THE UNTIED STATES Colonists believed that they too had rights, including the right to elect people to represent them Locke’s ideas shaped the American Revolution and the writing of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution The new American nation formed a constitution al government with two parties and a cabinet; the American system included even more provisions for the separation of powers Limited Freedom The Constitution (1788) became the supreme law of the land and set up a representative government with an elected legislature Yet most Americans had the time or right to vote since only white men who met certain property requirements could vote Crash Course the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation and Federalism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO7FQsCcbD8 George Washington While others felt the president should have a grand name Washing chose to be called President While some wanted him to be president for life Washington only served for two terms No president would run for a third term until 1940 and later a law was passed limiting a presents term to two terms only Looking Ahead The Constitution crated the most progressive government of its day and shone as a symbol of Freedom to European and Latin American countries The Enlightenment ideas that inspired American colonist brought changes to Europe too. In 1789 the French monarchy is toppled in the name of liberty and quality The Preamble to the Constitution Bill of Rights Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation Bill of Rights Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. Amendment VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Amendment X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.