Download Introduction to Human Communication

INTRODUCTION
TO
HUMAN COMMUNICATION
Chapter One
Dr.Inas A.Hamid
Faculty of mass communication
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What is communication?
• The transfer of meaning from one person to another by
speech, symbols, writing, or signs to establish a common
understanding.
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• So at least three elements are involved in the
communication process:
• The person who sends the message(sender or source)
• The message
• The person who receives the message (receivers)
So the communication process consists of several
“communication acts”.
• Wilbur Schramm diagrammed the communication act
in 1961 as follows:
Sender
Message
Receiver
But it was easy to criticize this diagram. Why???
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The complete communication process may be
diagramed as follows:
Sender
Message
Receiver
• Each person is alternatively a sender and then a receiver.
• Understanding between the two communicators is not complete
until the receiver of the initial communication responded to the
message.
• If the receiver doesn't understand the message , he will send a
message of query to the sender.
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In mass
communication
•
(may change
behavior)
sender
Message
sender
sender
Receiver
(may smile)
Receiver
( may send
message)
Response
The communication
process is quite
complex because
there are many
receivers who may
communicate with
each other before
responding to the
message.
 The message may
have different
effect upon the
receivers
(response).
Receiver
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Communication Elements
Feed Back
Sender
Message
Encoding
Decoding
The Channel
Noise
Receiver
Decoding
Encoding
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Communication Elements
• The Sender (encoder): Someone should put the message
into a “code” that thought to be understandable to the
intended receiver. This means the thought of the receiver
(intrapersonal) is very important.
• The Receiver (decoder): when the receiver is exposed to
the message , he starts to decode the message and this
act also requires intrapersonal communication.
• The Message: which the sender wishes the receiver to
understand. The message can be easy or difficult to
understand, it can be analytical or opinionated and so
on….
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• The channel: The mechanism by which the message is
transmitted.
• Feedback: A return message from the receiver to the
sender. It is a response that tells the sender that the
message has been understood or misunderstood.
Feedback may be immediate or delayed. Feedback can
be verbal or nonverbal.
• Noise: that tends to disrupt the communication, put
barriers to understanding, distract attention and in
general frustrate the communication process. Two main
noises cause the trouble:
• Mechanical noise.
• Semantic noise.
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• Mechanical noise: is physical ( static on the radio, missing lines
from a newspaper story, or coughing during a lecture.
• Semantic noise: it is the degree of potential misunderstanding
between sender and receiver. Semantic noise is largely
unavoidable.
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Why do people communicate?
To persuade: Communication can be used to persuade the
others to share our views or to arrive at some compromise.
Leaders and administrators need communication to introduce
new ideas, new procedures, or to stop old ways of doing
things.
To entertain: This is the most common use of
communication.
• People often communicate with each other for the
pleasure.
To inform: we need information
in our work, economic
activities, social life,…..
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To express emotions: Each human being has an
emotional as well as rational life.
• When we communicate we express our emotions (anger,
fear, depression,……).
• Some messages are a mixture of information and emotion
while others are all emotions.
To show approval: All of us need to receive
compliments and be away from disapproval.
Communication can be used in speaking well or
ill about others to punish or reward
To educate or train: communication can help in
providing people with habits, values and morals
that consistent with the culture of their social
group.
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Communication can be
briefly classified as:
Types of communication:
Interpersonal & intrapersonal
Between persons- Self communication
Informational & opinionated
Verbal & non-verbal
Words- symbols
Small group & mass communication
Face to face - technology
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Assignments
• Do you think there is a relationship between intrapersonal
•
•
•
•
communication and interpersonal communication?
In intrapersonal communication involves encoding a
message. Explain.
What are the circumstances that lead to effective
communication in small groups.
What is “ Mass Communication "and how does it differ
from other types of communication?
In small groups, which type of communication is the
best??