Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
B5 : The Living Body Qu 1 2 3 4 Skeletons What is the insect exoskeleton made of? Give 2 examples of animals with no skeleton Name the two types of living tissue found in the human skeleton. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a skeleton made of cartilage? Ans 1 2 3 4 Why do some patients with serious bone fractures need a blood transfusion? H5 Which two minerals replace cartilage during ossification? How can scientists determine the age of the person if they only have a skeleton to investigate? H6 H7 8 H5 H6 Why are elderly people more likely to fracture bones when they fall? What type of joint is the elbow? What is the role of the synovial fluid? H7 8 9 9 10 10 Which muscle contracts to raise the arm? Where are ball and socket joints found in 11 the human body? Explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament Many of the joints in the human body act H12 as levers, in the arm, what is the fulcrum? Give 2 disadvantages of replacement joints H13 11 H12 H13 Skeletons Chitin Jellyfish, worms bone and cartilage Advantages: light and flexible Disadvantage: not rigid enough to support an animal’s weight on land Bones are living tissue and have a blood supply, fractures can cause internal bleeding and sometimes this means that a person needs to have that blood replaced. calcium and phosphorus The proportion of bone to cartilage can be used as a measure of growth. It is possible to produce a graph of the proportion bone to cartilage for different ages. You can then estimate the amount of cartilage in skeleton under investigation and estimate the age of the skeleton. Elderly people are likely to suffer from osteoporosis which means that their bones are brittle and much easier to break. A hinge joint It lubricates and cushions the synovial joint, which reduces friction between the two bones that make the joint Biceps shoulder and hip A tendon attaches the muscle to bone whereas a ligament holds two bones together elbow joint requires major surgery they cannot repair themselves if they are damaged can weaken the surrounding bones B5 : The Living Body Qu Circulatory systems and the cardiac system A ns 1 Why do single celled organisms not need a circulatory system? 1 2 What is meant by an open circulatory system? 2 3 4 H5 H6 H5 6 7 8 What is meant by a closed circulatory system? Name the blood vessels which deliver oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles Describe the heart structure of an animal with a single circulatory system? What is the advantage of a double circulatory system? Harvey was a British doctor who investigated the circulatory system, what did he discover about arteries and veins? Name the blood vessel which delivers deoxygenated blood from the body Which heart chamber accepts blood from the pulmonary vein? Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle wall? Where are the semi-lunar valves found? 9 H4 4 10 What is the pacemaker (SAN) and where is it found? H11 H12 What is the role of the AVN? The heart has just two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle. Blood is under high pressure which moves materials around the body quickly. He discovered that arteries carry blood under high pressure away from the heart and that veins have valves to prevent back flow vena cava the left side Summarise the cardiac cycle Which method is used by doctors to investigate the electrical impulses in the cardiac cycle? Which method is used by doctors to investigate the structure of the heart? Which hormone increases heart rate? They are in contact with the environment directly and they can rely on diffusion to supply oxygen and nutrients. A body with no blood vessels, the blood fills up the body system. Special tubes deliver air directly to the respiring cells. A body with blood vessels and a heart to pump blood around these blood vessels coronary arteries right atrium 9 10 Circulatory systems and the cardiac system They separate the ventricles from the blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart (the pulmonary artery and the aorta) The heart relaxes and blood fills the atria. Both atria contract and blood enters the ventricles. Ventricles contact from the bottom up, pushing blood upwards towards the arteries An ECG An echocardiogram adrenaline The pacemaker is a group of specialised cells found in the right atrium. It produces a small H11 electrical charge impulse which spreads across the atrium causing it to contract and stimulate the AVN The AVN (atrio-ventricle node) causes the H12 ventricles to contract B5 : The Living Body Qn 1 RUNNING REPAIRS Why do heart values sometimes need replacing? What is bypass surgery? 2 What is a hole in the heart? H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 What is the first step in the cascade reaction which results in a blood clot? Which protein are blood clots made from Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting? What is meant by the term anticoagulant and give the name of one anticoagulant drug Which genetic disease limits blood clotting? Name two factors that must be matched before blood can be given in a transfusion? Which blood group is the Universal Donor? Which blood group is the Universal recipient? Which agglutinins (antigen) do the red blood cells of someone with Group AB blood? Which antibodies are found in the blood plasma of the blood of someone with group A blood? RUNNING REPAIRS The values become damaged and this allows 1 blood to flow backwards and reduces blood pressure When the coronary arteries get blocked by cholesterol plaques, the amount of oxygen delivered to the heart muscles is reduced and 2 this can cause cell death and a heart attack. Blood vessels from the leg can be used to replace the blocked coronary artery and restore blood flow to the heart muscle. All human foetuses, while in the uterus have a hole in the heart, between the atria. This is because the placenta delivers oxygenated blood and the hole in the heart by-passes the H13 lungs. The hole usually closes after birth. If it does not close less oxygen is carried in the blood because oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. Platelets must be exposed to air Ans H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 Fibrin Vitamin K A drug which interferes with the clotting process. Heparin or warfarin or aspirin are all anticoagulants Haemophilia ABO blood group and the Rhesus factor Group 0 Group AB Both A and B agglutinins H19 Anti-B antibodies B5 : The Living Body Qn s RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS Define gas exchange Name the gas exchange organ in amoeba Name the gas exchange organ in fish Describe the movement of oxygen into the blood via the respiratory system What is ventilation? What is the difference between ventilation and respiration? Describe how inhalation occurs What is the vital capacity? What is the residual air? By which process does oxygen enter the blood supply and carbon dioxide leave the blood supply? How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange? Why are alveoli easily damaged by dust and microorganisms? How do the trachea and bronchi protect the body from pathogens? What is pneumonia? Explain what happens during an asthma attack? AN S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Process where oxygen enters an organism and carbon dioxide is released The cell membrane Gills Air enters the mouth and down the trachea into the bronchi. The bronchi split into left and right side of the body. The air enters the bronchioles and then into the alveoli. Here oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries which surround the alveoli and oxygen enters the blood supply. Breathing Ventilation is the process where air moves into and out of the lungs, whereas respiration is the process that occurs inside the cells and releases energy for cells to use. The intercostal muscles contract causing the ribcage to move upwards and outwards. The diaphragm also contracts. Both of these processes increase the volume of the chest cavity. As the pressure inside the lungs is now below air pressure, air moves into the lungs It is the maximum volume of air that can be used in gas exchange in the lungs The volume of air that stays in the lungs at the end of the maximum breathe out. diffusion large surface area moist, thin permeable surface good blood supply Alveoli are ‘dead ends’ dust and bacteria can collect; there are no cilia to waft trapped bacteria from the alveoli. The alveoli are thin, so are easily damaged. The goblet cells produce mucus which traps pathogens and dust. Ciliated cells waft and move the mucus up to the back of the throat, where it swallowed and the acid in the stomach is kills the microorganisms. A disease which is usually caused by a virus or bacteria; it causes inflammation where fluid builds up. Asthmatic airways are sensitive and can become swollen or inflamed. Bronchioles narrow (constrict) and the B5 : The Living Body muscles tighten and there is an increase in mucus produced. It makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing, coughing and chest tightness. Qn DIGESTION What is physical digestion and why is it important? An How is food moved along the gut? Where does chemical digestion take place? Describe the breakdown of carbohydrates. Which enzymes break down proteins? What are the breakdown products and lipids and the general name for enzymes which catalyse this reaction? How is the small intestine adapted for efficient absorption of food? Describe the breakdown of starch include the name of the enzymes involved Why is bile needed for the digestion of fat? Where is bile produced, stored and released? Why are the enzymes secreted in the mouth, denatured in the stomach? QN WASTE DISPOSAL S AN S DIGESTION Chewing and squeezing of food in the stomach. Breaks down the food into smaller pieces so that it can pass through the digestive system easily. It increases the surface area which increases the rate of chemical digestion (enzymes) By peristalsis, the circular muscles in the gut wall squeeze the food along. In the mouth, the stomach and small intestine It begins in the mouth where starch is broken down to glucose. The pancreas produces carbohydrases which are released into the small intestine and carbohydrates are broken down into small soluble sugars Proteases Lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Lipases are the enzymes which speed up this reaction Very long Large surface area because of the microvilli Thin lining that reduces diffusion distance for dissolved food molecules Good blood supply Starch is digested in a 2 step process First amylase breaks down starch to maltose Then maltase breaks down maltose to glucose Amylase and maltase are the enzymes Fat is hard to digest because it does not mix well with water. Bile is an emulsifier which allows lipases to work. Bile is made in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder and it is released into the small intestine. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, which means the stomach has a pH around 2. This low pH denatures most enzymes including those produced in the mouth. (The proteases produced in the stomach have a low pH optimum) WASTE DISPOSAL B5 : The Living Body What is the name of the process which produces faeces? Name the 3 excretory products of the human body Where and how is urea produced? State the function of the kidneys Name the blood vessel which delivers blood to the kidney Which vessel carries urine from the kidney to the bladder? Which useful chemicals are reabsorbed in the kidney? What influences the amount of urine someone produces? On a hot day, after exercising –how would you describe the urine a person produces What happens when carbon dioxide levels are high in the blood? What is ultrafiltration? Why is selective reabsorption important? What is ADH and where is it produced and where does it act? If a person’s kidneys fail what are the treatment options. What is the principal of dialysis? egestion urea, sweat and carbon dioxide Urea is produced in the liver by the breakdown of excess amino acids To excrete urea, water and salt renal artery ureter glucose, water and amino acids temperature, amount of water drunk, amount of sweating They would produce a low volume of concentrated urine Carbon dioxide levels are detected by the brain and breathing rate is increased, to increase gas exchange and removed from the blood It happens in the kidney tubules (nephrons) and small molecules such as glucose, water and urea move into the glomerulus and capsule because the blood in from the renal artery is under pressure. The large red blood cells stay in the blood and do not move into the glomerulus. Small useful molecules such as glucose and amino acids pass into the nephron and would be excreted in the urine. Both glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood leaving some water and urea in the kidney tubule, to be excreted. ADH is antidiuretic hormone. It is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain; it acts on the collecting duct. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct, so more water is reabsorbed into the blood, so less volume of urine is produced. This means that the urine is more concentrated. Initially dialysis is used to remove urea from the patients’ blood. The patient may be offered a kidney transplant if a suitable kidney is available. It removes urea from the blood and maintains sodium and glucose levels in the blood, of someone with kidney failure B5 : The Living Body Qn s An s What is the role of oestrogen? What is the role of progesterone? Which hormone causes the egg to develop in the ovary? Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland controls ovulation? Name the two hormones whose level drop before menstruation. Name 3 types of infertility treatments It causes the repair of the uterus wall It maintains the uterus wall FSH- follicle stimulating hormone LH- luteinising hormone Progesterone and oestrogen artificial insemination, use of FSH, IVF, egg donation, surrogacy, ovary transplants Eggs and sperm are collected and mixed together in the laboratory, this is where fertilisation occurs. The embryo is then transplanted into the woman’s uterus. It can be used to see if there are multiple pregnancies (i.e. twins/triplets), look for developmental defects and to determine the babies sex. A needle is inserted into the fluid around the baby (amniotic fluid); this fluid contains some cells which can be checked for chromosome abnormalities. If a defect such as Downs’s syndrome is detected, it gives the couple the option of a termination. Some couples decide that they would not opt for a termination so decide against the test. Negative feedback loop Describe how IVF treatment works Why is ultrasound used in pregnancy? Describe how the amniocentesis test is done Why do some couples refuse the amniocentesis test? LH production is controlled by oestrogen levels in the blood, what type of mechanism is this? QN Growth and repair S What are the five main stages of human life? Name 3 factors which affect human growth Name two components of a healthy diet needed for good bone growth What has happened to human life expectancy in the 21st Century? Name 5 body parts that can be replaced by organ transplant What is a living donor? Which type of implant is used to maintain a normal heart beat rhythm Life goes on An s Growth and repair Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age genes, diet, amount of exercise, amount of growth hormone, health, any diseases/illnesses they have had calcium and vitamin D It is much longer Heart, lungs, kidney, liver, cornea, blood, skin. When a person living donates an organ such as a kidney, and continues to have a normal life A pacemaker B5 : The Living Body How does human growth hormone result in growth? Name 3 problems with increased life expectancy It release energy for growth from fat stores and stimulates the growth of long bones elderly can suffer from degenerative diseases elderly may find it difficult to live independently in their own homes trend for smaller families means there is no-one to look after them Limited income- means difficult to keep warm/eat healthy Why do people who have had an organ transplant need to take immunosuppressive drugs? To prevent rejection of the organ, a recipient’s immune system attacks the donated organ, unless it is suppressed by the drugs. The UK has a ‘opt in’ donor system; where people need to volunteer to donate their organs. What type of donation system does the UK operate?