Download Lab 1

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Braude College of Engineering
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
R-C-L
Characterization
May 11, 2017
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
The goal.
The goal of this experiment is to characterize the frequency behavior of 3 passive electronic
components: resistor, coil and capacitor. You will measure the frequency-dependent impedance
Z  f  of those components by using Keithley SCS 4200 measurement system and Agilent 4284A CR-L analyzer.
The following parameters will be measured:
 Resistor impedance Z R as a function of applied frequency
 Coil impedance Z L as a function of applied frequency
 Capacitor impedance Z C as a function of applied frequency
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Short theoretical background.
Usually, electrical engineering deals with the physical model of ideal passive electronic
components: resistors, capacitors and inductors (coils):

Ideal resistor[1] is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with
Ohm's law: U  IR . It is assumed that ideal resistor has frequency-independent purely real
impedance Z R  f   R .

Ideal inductor[2] (coil) is a two-terminal electronic component that can store energy in a
magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. A coil's ability to store
magnetic energy is measured by its inductance (in units of henries). Typically, an inductor is a
conducting wire shaped as a coil, the loops helping to create a strong magnetic field inside the
d B
coil due to Faraday's Law of Induction:   N
(where  is the magnitude of the
dt
electromotive force (in volts), N is the number of turns of wire and  B is the magnetic flux (in
webers) through a single loop). It is assumed that coil is a short circuit for DC and has purely
imaginary frequency-dependent impedance Z L  f   i2fL .

Ideal capacitor[3] is a two-terminal electronic component that characterized by a single
constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge
q
on each conductor to the potential difference between them: C  . It is assumed that
U
capacitor is a circuit opening for DC and has purely imaginary frequency-dependent
i
impedance Z C  f  
.
2fC
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
In sum up, for the ideal components, Z is purely real for R, and purely imaginary for C and L. For L,
the phase of Z is rotated by angle  , while for C, it is rotated by angle   (see Figure 1).
2
2
Z L  2fL
ImZ 
ZR  R
1
ZC 
2fC
ReZ 
Figure 1. Impedance of the ideal R, C and L components in the complex plane.
Nevertheless, in any real passive component always present some physical factors (i.e. inputoutput contacts, interface contacts of different chemical materials inside the component etc),
preventing it from functioning as an ideal one. In order to account for these factors and accurately
predict the performances of the component under different operation conditions, the concept of
equivalent circuits, representing a single real passive element as an array of different ideal passive
elements was introduced. Thus, each true passive component has a complex impedance function,
Z  f  , which can be decomposed onto the real and imaginary parts (active ReZ  , and reactive
ImZ  parts) (see Figure 2).
ImZ 
Z equivalent
circle

ReZ 
Figure 2.Impedance of equivalent circle on the complex plane.
Note that the same element can be represented by a number of equivalent circuits. Different
equivalent circles reflect different operation modes of the same component.
Presented below some examples of equivalent circles for R, C and L.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
4
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Equivalent circle and frequency dependence of resistor.
Figure 3. Equivalent circle of resistor (after [6]).
Figure 3 shows equivalent circle of resistor. Notation:

Cex1 and Cex 2 are capacitances of the output contacts.

Ris is the resistance of the isolation, which is defined by the properties of the materials of

protective coating and basis.
LR is a total equivalent inductance of the element, including the inductance of the input and

output contacts.
RR is the resistance of the resistive element, the main part of the resistor.

Rcont is the equivalent resistance of the output contacts. Rcont is significant only for low-ohmic

resistors
CR is the equivalent capacitance of the resistor.
Figure 4. Film resistor construction (carbon- or metal-film).
Figure 4 illustrates the resistor elements, mentioned in Figure 3.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
5
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
It can be shown that for the equivalent circle of Figure 3 , the real part of the impedance ReZ  f 
has a form:
Re Z  f  
RR  Rcont Ris
(1)
RR  Rcont  Ris
Figure 5. Example of Z  f  characteristics of resistor (R = 1.8 kΩ).
Figure 5 presents an example of Z  f  characteristics of a resistor (R = 1.8 kΩ). There is a slight
increase of Z  f  and the phase (as opposite to the const values expected). Nevertheless,
accounting for the wide range of measured frequencies (100 Hz – 1 MHz), the device should be
considered as very close to the ideal one.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
6
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Equivalent circle and frequency dependence of capacitor.
Figure 6. Equivalent circle of capacitor (after [6]).
Figure 6 shows equivalent circle of capacitor. Notation:
 Cex - is a total capacitance of the output contacts.

LC - is a parasitic inductance of the element, which is defined by the geometry of the


capacitor’ plates. This inductance defines restrictions for usage of the specific capacitor on high
frequencies.
C - is the capacitance of the capacitor, the main part of the element.
Rloss - is the resistive loss, originating from the fact, that polarization of dielectric material (of

capacitor) by AC voltage demands energy. Thus, a part of the electromagnetic energy is lost.
Ris - is the resistance of the isolation, which is defined by the properties of the materials of
protective coating.
Figure 7. Construction of an aluminum surface mounting electrolytic capacitor. Right upper
insertion – details of construction of a wound aluminum electrolytic capacitor (after ).
Figure 7 illustrates the capacitor elements, sketched in Figure 6.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
7
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Figure 8. Example of Z  f  characteristics of a capacitor.
Figure 8 presents an example of Z  f  characteristics of capacitor. The Z  f  first falls with the
frequency increased, but then, for f  250 KHz , it begins to grow (as opposite to the ideal
model). Besides, the phase is switched from  90 0 (as expected) to 800 (close to that of coil). Thus
from f  250 KHz , the behavior of the device does not match that of the ideal model.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
8
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Equivalent circle and frequency dependence of coil.
Figure 9. Equivalent circle of coil (after [6]).
Figure 9 shows equivalent circle of coil. Here:
 L - is the total inductance of the coil element (including the parasitic inductance of the output
contacts)
 CL - is the capacitance of the coil, originating from the capacitance of the output contacts,

capacitance of the winding, core and shield.
RC L - is the resistive loss, reflecting the energy losses in the CL capacitance.

RL - is the resistive loss, originating from the energy losses in the coil L itself.
Figure 10. Construction of an aluminum surface mounting inductor.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
9
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Figure 11. Example of Z  f  characteristics of a coil.
Figure 11 presents an example of Z  f  characteristics of a coil. The Z  f  increases almost
linearly, as expected from the ideal model. As opposite to the former, the phase first increases
with the frequency (even though does not reach the expected 900 value) and then begin to
decrease. Thus the behavior of this device does not match the expected from the ideal model.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
10
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Assignments and analysis
Acquire Z  f  measurements for :
 1 sample of resistor
 1 sample of capacitor
 1 sample of coil
using the Keithley measurement system (see Appendix 1 for details about pin connections and
Keithley program parameters.)
(Note that the measurements supply the ABS value of the impedance, Z  f   and the phase
angle,  deg, as a function of frequency f [Hz ] ).
Z  Ze

j 
180
Ω-
 
 


Re Z   Z cos 
, ImZ   Z sin  

180
180








angle
rad 
angle
rad 
Note: after executing the measurements and before processing the acquired data, save this
Excel
RCL template.xlsx
template on your computer (double click on the Excel icon  File  Save as … ). Then copy the
results of the measurements (located in the measurements folder of Keithley in the subdirectory
“tests/data”) to the Excel template, saved on your computer.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
11
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Analysis of physical parameters of R, C and L components.
1. In Excel, plot graphs Z  f  and   f  for all the studied components. Compare your results with
these expected for the ideal elements (see Figure 1).
2. Computation of the reactance, ImZ  f  . For each of the measured components, compute the
reactance ImZ  f  of the element (make additional column in the datasheet). For each given
frequency, ImZ   Z sin 
 In Excel, plot graphs ImZ  f  .
3. Computation of the resistance, ReZ  f  . For each of the measured components, compute the
resistance ReZ  f  of the element (make additional column in the datasheet). For each given
frequency, ReZ   Z cos
 In Excel, plot graphs ReZ  f  .
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
12
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Final Report content.
Final Report must include the following graphs with explanations for
each of the components (R, C and L):
1.
2.
3.
Plot | Z  f  | and   f  (one plot for each of the components)
Plot ReZ  f  and ImZ  f  (one plot for each of the components)
Conclusions about the perfectness of the elements you studied. (Compare your results with
these expected for the ideal elements (see Figure 1)).
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
13
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Experimental set-up and samples to be studied
The experimental setup includes Keithley matrix and Agilent L-C-R analyzer (Figure 13).
You will use Test fixture probe station (Figure 12) (with two-pins connection table), connected by the triax
cables No 9,10,11,12 to the Keithley switching matrix.
Monitor
Keithley 708A
Switching Matrix
Figure 12. Test fixture probe
station.
Agilent 4284A
LCR meter
Keithley SCS 4200 I-V
AND Parameter analyzer
Figure 13. Keithley and Agilent
L-C-R measurement setup.
Table 1. Samples to be studied.
Resistors
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
coils
capacitors
14
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Acknowledgement
Electrical Engineering Department of Braude College would like to thank to Adi Atias and Moran
Efrony for their help in the preparation of this laboratory work.
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
15
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Appendix 1 : Kite settings for Z(f) measurements.
(the same settings for R, L and C)
1. pin connection scheme:
LoPin (cable 12)
HiPin (cable 11)
Z(f)
measurement
s
2. Z(f) Keithley settings
Connect pins
Library Name
Module Name
Return Type
sorin_4284A
ZF_Sweep
INT
Parameter Name
InstIdStr
LoPin
HiPin
StartF
StopF
StepF
SignalLevel
Bias
Range
Model
IntegrationTime
Z
Zsize
F
Fsize
D_or_R
D_or_Rsize
Dr. Radu Florescu
In/Out
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Output
Input
Output
Input
Output
Input
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
Type
CHAR_P
INT
INT
DOUBLE
DOUBLE
DOUBLE
DOUBLE
DOUBLE
DOUBLE
INT
INT
DBL_ARRAY
INT
DBL_ARRAY
INT
DBL_ARRAY
INT
Value
CMTR1
12
11
2.000000e+001
1.000000e+006
1.000000e+004
6.000000e-002
0
0
0
1
N/A
1350
N/A
1350
N/A
1350
16
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Appendix 2 : Resistors, coils and capacitors info
1. Resistor color codes.
Resistor values are always coded in ohms (Ω). (resistor calculator)




band A is first significant figure of component value
band B is the second significant figure
band C is the decimal multiplier
band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%)
For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7
(violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is ±5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere
between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.
Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth band which indicates component failure
rate (reliability). Tight tolerance resistors may have three bands for significant figures rather than two,
and/or an additional band indicating temperature coefficient, in units of ppm/K.
All coded components will have at least two value bands and a multiplier; other bands are optional
(italicised below).The standard color code per EN 60062:2005 is as follows:
Color
Significant
figures
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
0
×100
–
Brown
1
×10
1
±1%
F
100
S
Red
2
×102
±2%
G
50
R
Orange
3
×103
15
P
Yellow
4
×10
4
25
Q
Green
5
×105
±0.5%
D
20
Z
Blue
6
×106
±0.25%
C
10
Z
Violet
7
×10
7
±0.1%
B
5
M
Gray
8
×108
±0.05%
A
1
White
9
×109
Gold
–
×10-1
±5%
J
–
Silver
–
×10-2
±10%
K
–
None
–
–
±20%
M
–
Temp. Coefficient (ppm/K)
250
–
–
–
Any temperature coefficent not assigned its own letter shall be markd "Z", and the coefficient found in other documentation.
2.
For more information, see EN 60062.
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
K
–
1.
Dr. Radu Florescu
U
17
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
2. Capacitor marking.
Capacitance values are always coded in pico-farads (pF).
Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics.


Larger capacitors like electrolytic usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit
(for example, 220 μF).
Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a shorthand consisting of three numbers and a
letter, where the numbers show the capacitance in pF (calculated as XY x 10Z for the numbers
XYZ) and the letter indicates the tolerance (J, K or M for ±5%, ±10% and ±20% respectively).
Additionally, the capacitor may show its working voltage, temperature and other relevant
characteristics.
Example: A capacitor with the text 473K 330V on its body has a capacitance of 47 x 103 pF = 47 nF
(±10%) with a working voltage of 330 V.
3. Coil color codes.
Capacitance values are always coded in micro-henries (µH). (coil calculator)
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
18
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Bibliography and internet links
1
Resistor – wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor
2
Inductor (coil) – wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor
3
Capacitor – wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
4
“Electronic materials” (online postgraduate course – University of Bolton).
Coils Electrolytic Capacitors Ceramic resistors and capacitors
5
Circuit book (resistors).
6
К. С. Петров. «ПАССИВНЫЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ РАДИОЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ АППАРАТУРЫ» (Учебное
пособие). Резисторы
Dr. Radu Florescu
Конденсаторы Катушки индуктивности
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
19
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ORT Braude College
Advanced Laboratory for Characterization of Semiconductor Devices - 31820
Preparation Questions
1. Draw the impedance graph Z (single plot) for the 3 passive components: R, C, L. (Draw the
graph in the axes Im(Z) vs Re(Z). )
2. Draw the equivalent circle of R (explain the meaning of all the elements of the circle).
3. Draw the equivalent circle of C (explain the meaning of all the elements of the circle).
4. Draw the equivalent circle of L (explain the meaning of all the elements of the circle).
Dr. Radu Florescu
Dr. Vladislav Shteeman
20