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Staging is a term that refers to most of the elements—aside from the actors, the text, and the financing—that are necessary to bring a play to life. In an effective production, all of these elements work to communicate the visions of the playwright and director. Although the playwright, as the author of the play, has the greatest influence, it is the director who interprets the work for the audience and makes many of the decisions about how it will be staged. Some of the most important elements of staging are stage directions, settings, sets, costumes, props, lighting, music, and sound effects. In stage directions, the playwright specifies how certain parts of a play should be acted or staged. Sets, whether simple or elaborate, establish the environment in which the action of the play takes place. Costumes are the clothing worn by the actors. Props are the various items onstage—swords, glasses, books—that actors use in performing the action of the play. Lighting is of course important if anyone is to actually see the play, but it also contributes a great deal to the atmosphere and mood of a production. Some plays also include music during or between scenes as a way of heightening the mood or providing a transition. Sound effects—the sound of a shot being fired, for example—can help make the action seem more realistic. The director oversees all of the elements of staging, but each of them is also the responsibility of highly trained professionals.