Download Unit #10 Notes

Unit #10 Notes
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• The American public was still suffering from the great
depression and wanted little to do with the pending issues
in Europe
• London Economic Conference
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–
–
–
______________________
Goal was to discuss ways to beat the global depression
______________________
Roosevelt undermined the Conference when he refused to
agree to the stabilization policy
– As a result of Roosevelt’s withdrawal a trend towards extreme
nationalism and isolationism strengthened
– ______________________
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• Foreign relations
–
–
–
–
______________________
He also promised to grant the Philippines independence
______________________
The net effect of these policies was that the US was giving up
ambitions to be a world power in order to concentrate on the
Western Hemisphere
• The Good Neighbor Policy
– ______________________
– Roosevelt renounced armed intervention and reversed the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine put in by Teddy
Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements
– ______________________
– Roosevelt’s foreign trade policy lowered tariffs to increase trade
– ______________________
• Totalitarianism spreads throughout Europe
–
–
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–
______________________
Mussolini in Italy
______________________
Hirohito and Tojo in Japan
• In the 30’s the American people responded to the
Aggressive actions of Germany, Italy and Japan by
retreating further into isolationism
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
– ______________________
• Mussolini invades Ethiopia - 1935
– Italy was expected to win in a week but find themselves in a brutal stalemate
until Mussolini decides to employ chemical warfare
• Spanish Civil War
– ______________________
– In the US Roman Catholics supported Franco’s fascist rebels while the
Abraham Lincoln Brigade provided active support for the Spanish Republican
Gov’t
– ______________________
• Neutrality Acts passed by U.S. Congress
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Abandoned the policy of freedom of the seas
______________________
Made no distinction between aggressors and victims
______________________
American ships would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of warring
nations
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• Hitler systematically eliminates the Treaty of Versailles
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–
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–
______________________
Annexes Austria and the Sudetenland
______________________
Many nations allowed Hitler to do this because the treaty of Versailles
was so lopsided
• Munich conference 1938
– Neville Chamberlain gives in to Hitler’s requests and grants Germany
the Sudetenland
– ______________________
– ______________________
– ______________________
– British politician Winston Churchill – reaction – “They had to choose
between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have war.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• Germany signs the Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet
Union
– ______________________
– He could now invade Poland with the Blitzkrieg effectively
starting WWII (1939)
– ______________________
– Many Jewish refugees from Europe had a difficult time
fleeing to the US due to restrictive immigration laws and
opposition from Southern Democrats and the State
Department
– ______________________
– Exceptions were made (Albert Einstein 1933)
– ______________________
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• After the invasion of Poland, France and Britain waited
behind the Maginot line for Hitler to attack
– ______________________
– Hitler was mobilizing his armies for the full onslaught of France
• France Falls – 1940
–
–
–
–
______________________
Churchill takes over as Prime Minister of Britain
______________________
“The Miracle at Dunkirk” – Hundreds of ships help evacuate
friendly troops across the English Channel
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• US Congress’s first response to the fall of France was to pass a conscription
law (the draft)
– ______________________
• In 1940 Britain gave the US eight valuable naval bases in exchange for 50
American Destroyers
– ______________________
• A strong majority of the American public favored providing Britain with “all
aid short of war”
• Election of 1940
– ______________________
– ______________________
– Roosevelt never intended to run for a third term but felt that the US needed
his experienced leadership during international crisis
– Willkie avoided deepening the sharp divisions among the American people
when he avoided attacking Roosevelt for his increasingly interventionist
policies
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• After the failed attempt to conquer Britain the German’s shifted
their focus to the Soviet Union
– ______________________
• Lend-Lease Act
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–
–
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Increased the debate over interventionists vs isolationists
______________________
______________________
Made lend-lease aid available to the USSR
• Roosevelt announces that the US will be the “Arsenal of
Democracy”
– Seinfeld Clip
– ______________________
– An American propagandist Theodor Seuss Geisel creates anti-isolation
cartoons
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941)
– Roosevelt + Churchill met secretly in the Atlantic to set goals for
the war
– ______________________
• people of all nations should choose their own govt. (selfdetermination)
– ______________________
• American merchant ships fired upon
–
–
–
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Greer fired upon
Kearny crippled
Reuben James sunk
______________________
• Roosevelt insists that Japan must leave China
– Japan needed the resources of China to build their imperialistic
empire
– ______________________
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
• Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
• Pearl Harbor clip
• Invasion of Pearl Harbor was a short term success
for Japan
– ______________________
– MacArthur is forced to abandon his men in Corregidor
and flee to Australia
– ______________________
America in World War II
• Once at war, America’s first great challenge was to retool
its industry for all-out war production
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• Although Japanese Americans were placed in internment
camps during WWII as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice
and fear
• Bugs Bunny Clip
• The general American attitude toward WWII was less
idealistic and ideological and more practical than the
outlook in WWI
America in World War II
• ___________________________
• Despite the demands of the wartime economy, inflation
was kept in check during the war by federally imposed
wage and price controls
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• The US government had to commission production in
rubber due to the fact that most of it came from
Southeast Asia
America in World War II
•
Wartime Agencies
– War Production Board – assigned priorities with respect to the use of raw materials and transportation facilities
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
–
•
Fair Employment Practices Commission – saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against blacks
seeking employment in war industries
While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led
by the United Mine Workers
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
–
–
Rosie the Riveter
Most women were forced to reluctantly leave the workforce after WWII due to family obligations and men returning
to their factory jobs
America in World War II
•
African Americans in WWII
• ___________________________
–
Form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality
• ___________________________
•
– Rally behind the slogan “Double V” (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home)
Many Native Americans left their reservations to find work or join the military
• ___________________________
•
•
•
During WWII most Americans experienced economic prosperity and a doubling of their income
___________________________
___________________________
America in World War II
• Pacific Campaign
– Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) – First naval battle in history that took
place entirely in the air
• ____________________
– Battle of Midway (June 1942) – Battle for a tiny air field that saved
Hawaii
• ____________________
– Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942, in their attempt to control
the Pacific they overextended themselves instead of digging in and
consolidating their gains
• ____________________
• ____________________
America in World War II
• Pacific Campaign
• ____________________
– An early naval defeat inflicted by the Japanese shortened American
supplies dangerously
• ____________________
– Japanese losses were 20,000, compared to 1,700 for the Americans
• ____________________
– The US seizes Guam which now allows US aircraft to conduct roundtrip bombing raids on Japanese home islands
• ____________________
– Japanese begin to use civilians as decoys and “cover”
• ____________________
• “Suicide Cliff”
America in World War II
• European Campaign
– After the Battle of Britain and until 1943 Hitler’s greatest opportunity
to defeat Britain was with German U-Boats destroying allied shipping
– Instead of opening up a second front in France, Britain and the US
attack Hitler’s forces in North Africa and Italy
• ____________________
– The allies were not ready or mobilized for an invasion in France until
1944 and any invasion earlier than that could have been a major
disaster
• ____________________
– Roosevelt and Churchill agreed that nothing short of Germany’s
unconditional surrender would be accepted
• ____________________
America in World War II
• North Africa
• ____________________
– Rommel was commanding the German forces
• ____________________
– The US came on the opposite flank and forced Rommel to retreat
through Sicily and then Italy
• ____________________
– Mussolini is overthrown and Italy surrenders
• ____________________
• ____________________
• The Soviets wanted a second front in France in 1941 – They felt
that the delay until 1944 was a deliberate strategy to weaken the
USSR
• ____________________
America in World War II
•
European Theatre
• ____________________
– Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Supreme Allied Commander
• ____________________
– Months of preparation led to the invasion – soldiers were quarantined once
the plan was announced
• Weeks of decoy operations had been run to throw off the Germans
• ____________________
– Paratroopers (82nd & 101st) were to be dropped in the night before in order to
take out artillery, MG-42 nests, seize bridges and outflank the enemy in the
morning
• ____________________
• ____________________
• ____________________
• Tanks never made it – weather was horrible
• Saving Private Ryan
America in World War II
• The Election of 1944
– It was a forgone conclusion that FDR would win the
election because the war was now going so well
– The real concern was who was going to be his VP
– ______________________________
• Battle of the Bulge
– ______________________________
– Last major German Offensive
• “Rupert”
• “Killroy was here”
America in World War II
• The Air War
– Germany under constant bombing
– Raids on Dresden – Feb. 1945 –
______________________________
America in World War II
• On to Berlin
– March 1945 – Allies crossed Rhine River into
Western Germany, Red Army closed in on Berlin
from the East
– April 1945 – ______________________________
America in World War II
• May 7th, 1945 – Germany surrendered, May
8th is VE day – Victory in Europe
• Potsdam Conference –
______________________________
– ______________________________
– The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was
finally modified by guaranteeing that defeated Japan
would be treated decently by American occupiers
America in World War II
• Invasion vs. the Bomb
– ______________________________
– development of the atomic bomb (the Manhattan
Project)
America in World War II
• July 1945 – 1st successful test in New Mexico
• Jaws Clip
America in World War II
• Hiroshima
– Aug 6th, 1945 –
______________________________
– Aug 8th, 1945 –
______________________________
America in World War II
• Sept. 2nd – ______________________________
America in World War II
•
Why use bomb?
– ______________________________
– Truman may have hoped the bomb would impress the
Soviets with American Power
• During WWII the Americans:
– Were a group of highly effective military and political
leaders
– ______________________________
– Caused a higher percentage of military casualties than any
other allied nation
– ______________________________