Download Skeletal system

NURS1004 Week 6 Part I
Prepared by Didy Button
Skeletal system
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Skeletal System
• The Skeletal System
• Includes:
• Bones of the skeleton
• Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-1 Functions of the Skeletal System
• Five Primary Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Support
2. Storage of Minerals (calcium) and Lipids (yellow
marrow)
3. Blood Cell Production (red marrow)
4. Protection
5. Leverage (force of motion)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-1 The Axial Skeleton
• The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
• Has 80 bones
• The skull
• 8 cranial bones
• 14 facial bones
• Bones associated with the skull
• 6 auditory ossicles
• The hyoid bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-1 The Axial Skeleton
• The Axial Skeleton
• The vertebral column
• 24 vertebrae (singular = vertebra)
• The sacrum
• The coccyx
• The thoracic cage
• 24 ribs
• The sternum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-1b The Axial Skeleton
Skull
Cervical
vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Costal
cartilages
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton.
The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
• The Appendicular Skeleton
• 126 bones
• Allows us to move and manipulate objects
• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
• The limbs
• The supportive girdles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
80
206
APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126
(see Figure 7–1)
Pectoral
girdle
Upper
limbs
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal
bones
16
4
60
Metacarpal
10
bones
Phalanges 28
Pelvic
girdle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Hip bone
2
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•
The Pelvic Girdle
•
Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
•
Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement
•
Part of the pelvis
•
Coxal bones
•
Made up of three fused bones
1. Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2)
Lower
limbs
60
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
Tarsal bones 14
Metatarsal
bones
10
Phalanges
28
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-2 Classification of Bones
• Bones
• Are classified by:
• Shape
• Internal tissue organization
• Bone markings (surface features; marks)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-2 Classification of Bones
• Six Bone Shapes
1. Sutural bones
2. Irregular bones
3. Short bones
4. Flat bones
5. Long bones
6. Sesamoid bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6-1 A Classification of Bones by Shape
Flat Bones
Sutural Bones
Sutures
External table
Parietal bone
Sutural
bone
Internal Diploë
table (spongy
bone)
Irregular Bones
Long Bones
Vertebra
Humerus
Short Bones
Carpal
bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sesamoid Bones
Patella
An Introduction to the Axial Skeleton
• Structures of Bones
• Articulations
• Contacts with other bones
• Landmarks (bone markings; marks)
• Areas of muscle and ligament attachment
• Foramina
• Openings for nerves and blood vessels
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-2 Classification of Bones
• Bone Markings
• Depressions or grooves
• Along bone surface
• Elevations or projections
• Where tendons and ligaments attach
• At articulations with other bones
• Tunnels
• Where blood and nerves enter bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 6-1 An Introduction to Bone Markings
Trochanter
Sinus
Head
Neck
Head
Sulcus
Tubercle
Crest
Neck
Fossa
Foramen
Fissure
Process
Tuberosity
Ramus
Line
Facet
Fossa
Tubercle
Trochlea
Femur
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Foramen
Ramus
Pelvis
Skull
Condyle
Spine
Condyle
Humerus
6-2 Classification of Bones
• Structure of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis
• The shaft
• A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
• A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity
• Epiphysis
• Wide part at each end
• Articulation with other bones
• Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
• Covered with compact bone (cortex)
• Metaphysis
• Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6-2a Bone Structure
Epiphysis
Spongy
bone
Metaphysis
Compact
bone
Diaphysis
(shaft)
Medullary
cavity
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
The structure of a representative
long bone (the femur) in
longitudinal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue
• Bone (Osseous) Tissue
• Dense, supportive connective tissue
• Contains specialized cells
• Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
• Around collagen fibers
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue
• Characteristics of Bone Tissue
• Dense matrix, containing:
• Deposits of calcium salts
• Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized
around blood vessels
• Canaliculi
• Form pathways for blood vessels
• Exchange nutrients and wastes
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue
• Characteristics of Bone Tissue
• Periosteum
• Covers outer surfaces of bones
• Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue
• Bone Matrix
• Matrix Proteins
• One third of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-4 Compact Bone and Spongy Bone
• The Structure of Compact Bone
• Osteon is the basic unit
• Osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae
• Around a central canal containing blood vessels
• Perforating canals
• Perpendicular to the central canal
• Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6-13 The Blood Supply to a Mature Bone
Articular cartilage
Branches of
nutrient artery
and vein
Periosteum
Epiphyseal artery
and vein
Metaphyseal
artery and
vein
Periosteum
Periosteal
arteries and
veins
Connections
to superficial
osteons
Compact
bone
Medullary
cavity
Nutrient artery
and vein
Nutrient foramen
Metaphyseal
artery and vein
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal
line
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6-5a The Structure of Compact Bone
Venule
Circumferential
lamellae
Capillary
Periosteum
Osteons
Perforating
fibers
Interstitial
lamellae
Concentric
lamellae
Trabeculae of
spongy bone
(see Fig.6–6)
Vein
Artery
Arteriole
Central
canal
Perforating
canal
The organization of osteons and
lamellae in compact bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-3 Bone (Osseous) Tissue
• Bone Matrix
• Minerals
• Two thirds of bone matrix is calcium phosphate,
Ca3(PO4)2
• Reacts with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
• To form crystals of hydroxyapatite,
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
• Which incorporates other calcium salts and ions
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6-3 Bone Landmarks for Physical examinaiotn
• Most prominent spinous process is C7/T1.
• Inferior points of scapulae are at interspace
between T7 & T8.
• Superior margin of each iliac crest crosses L4.
• Two symmetric dimples overlying posterior
superior iliac spine are at level of S2.
• Coccyx .
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 The Appendicular Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
80
206
APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126
(see Figure 7–1)
Pectoral
girdle
Upper
limbs
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal
bones
16
4
60
Metacarpal
10
bones
Phalanges 28
Pelvic
girdle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Hip bone
2
Physical Examination Landmarks
You should be able
to palpate these:
• Elbow (lateral and
medial epicondyles of
humerus, olecranon
process of ulna)
• Hip (iliac crest, greater
trochanter of femur)
• Wrist (styloid process of
radius – thumb side, &
of ulna)
• Shin (anterior crest of
tibia)
• Shoulder (acromian
process of scapula)
• Knee (patella)
• Ankle (lateral malleolus
of fibula & medial
malleolus of tibia)
• Heel (calcaneus).
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
NURS1004 Week 6 Lecture Part II Articulations
Prepared by Didy Button
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Articulations
• Articulations
• Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where
two bones connect
• Joint Structure
• Determines direction and distance of movement
(range of motion or ROM)
• Joint strength decreases as mobility increases
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Functional Classifications
• Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)
• Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
Structural Classifications
• Fibrous joints. Articulating bones bound tightly together
by fibrous connective tissue (sutures, syndesmosis
between tibia & fibula, gomphoses).
• b) Cartilaginous joints. Articulating bones held tightly
together by cartilage (synchondroses between rib &
sternum, pubic symphysis).
• c) Synovial joints. Articulating bones have a fluid-filled
space between them (gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal,
saddle, ball & socket).
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Synovial Fluid
(e.g. knee, hip, elbow, shoulder, fingers, toes, jaw)
• Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts
• Functions of synovial fluid
1. Lubrication
2. Nutrient distribution
3. Shock absorption
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Fibrous joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages
Joint cavity
(containing
synovial fluid)
Compact bone
Synovial joint, sagittal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Accessory Structures
• Cartilages
• Fat pads
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Bursae
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints
• Prevent injury by limiting range of motion
• Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)
• Articulating surfaces and menisci
• Other bones, muscles, or fat pads
• Tendons of articulating bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Bursa
Joint capsule
Quadriceps tendon
Femur
Synovial
membrane
Meniscus
Intracapsular
ligament
Patella
Articular cartilage
Fat pad
Patellar ligament
Tibia
Joint cavity
Meniscus
Knee joint, sagittal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inflammation of the synovial joint
• Osteoarthritis bony growths (osteophytes) at
joints
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease
characterised by chronic inflammation of the
synovial membrane leading to deformity, loss of
function, pain, swelling, ultimately to joint
destruction.
• Psoriatic arthritis associated with the skin
condition psoriasis.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3a Angular Movements
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion/extension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3b Angular Movements
Abduction
Abduction
Adduction
Adduction
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction/adduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3c Angular Movements
Adduction
Abduction
Adduction/abduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3d Angular Movements
Circumduction
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Figure 9-4a Rotational Movements
Head rotation
Right
rotation
Lateral
(external)
rotation
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Left
rotation
Medial
(internal)
rotation
Figure 9-4b Rotational Movements
Supination
Pronation
Supination
Pronation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Eversion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inversion
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Dorsiflexion
(ankle flexion)
Plantar
flexion
(ankle extension)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 The Knee Joint
• Seven Major Supporting Ligaments
1. Patellar ligament (anterior)
2. & 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
4. & 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside
joint capsule)
6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-12a The Right Knee Joint
Quadriceps
tendon
Patella
Patellar
retinaculae
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Patellar
ligament
Tibia
Anterior view, superficial layer
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Joint
capsule
Figure 9-12b The Right Knee Joint
Femur
Joint
capsule
Plantaris
muscle
Gastrocnemius
muscle,
lateral head
Gastrocnemius
muscle,
medial head
Bursa
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Cut tendon
of biceps
femoris
muscle
Popliteal
ligaments
Popliteus
muscle
Tibia
Fibula
Posterior view, superficial layer
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-12c The Right Knee Joint
Patellar
surface
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Lateral
condyle
Medial condyle
Tibial collateral
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Cut
tendon
Medial meniscus
Tibia
Fibula
Deep anterior view, flexed
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Figure 9-12d The Right Knee Joint
Femur
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Fibular collateral
ligament
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Tibial collateral
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Cut tendon
Medial meniscus
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Deep posterior view, extended
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Joint Immobilization
• Reduces flow of synovial fluid
• Can cause arthritis symptoms
• Treated by continuous passive motion or CPM
(therapy)
• Bones and Aging
• Bone mass decreases
• Bones weaken
• Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic
fracture
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Factors Affecting Bone Strength
1. Age
2. Physical stress
3. Hormone levels
4. Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
5. Genetic and environmental factors
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bones Support Body Systems
• Support and protect other systems
• Store fat, calcium, and phosphorus
• Manufacture cells for immune system
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The End
Knee joint
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.