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8.1 expression order of operations scientific notation rational numbers variables real number evaluate simplify exponents commutative properties associative properties distributive property identity property inverse property multiplicative property of zero identity elements inverse elements additive opposite parentheses braces brackets 8.2 real numbers rational numbers irrational numbers Venn diagram natural numbers counting numbers whole numbers integers non-repeating decimals non-terminating decimals repeating decimals 8.3 percent discount rate of change percent of change ratio proportion rate discount price sales tax simple interest amount of discount principle 8.4 expression order of operations algebraic expression numerical expression substitution base equivalent evaluate exponent numerical coefficient variable 8.5 perfect square square root approximate value rational number irrational number 8.6 congruent adjacent vertical angles complementary angles supplementary angles protractor verified Grade 8 – Essential Vocabulary 8.7 surface area volume polyhedron pyramid cone prisms cylinder two-dimensional three-dimensional Pi faces slant height base length radius diameter circumference 8.8 transformation translation reflection rotation dilation reflected image original figure center of rotation (vertex) scale factor similar figure corresponding sides line of reflection reference point translated image angle of rotation rotated image proportional tessellations 8.9 three-dimensional model surface area volume 8.10 Pythagorean Theorem hypotenuse leg Pythagorean triples right triangle 8.11 probability prediction independent event dependent event odds ratio unfavorable outcomes favorable outcomes occurrence sample space 8.12 comparisons predictions inferences stem-and-leaf plot scattergrams box-and-whisker plot lower quartile lower extreme median upper quartile upper extreme range interquartile range line graph bar graph circle graph picture graph histogram frequency distribution intervals mean mode Grade 8 – Essential Vocabulary 8.13 matrix rows columns 8.14 relation function functional relationship table of values linear equation ordered pairs domain range x-coordinate y-coordinate output input 8.15 equation inequality verified solve solution set 8.16 linear equation ordered pairs axes coordinate plane x-axis y-axis origin quadrant 8.17 verbal expression mathematical expression proportion ratio extremes of the proportion means of the proportion function formula 8.18 domain range independent variable dependent variable table of values function notation – f(x) 8.19 slope rise run