Download Ch. 7 powerpoint - St. Charles Parish Public Schools

Chapter 7: Religion
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gobleki Tepe
11,000 Years Old!
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Now seen as early evidence of prehistoric worship, the hilltop site was
previously shunned by researchers as nothing more than a medieval cemetery.
(Berthold Steinhilber)
Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/gobeklitepe.html#ixzz2gPBB9XhT
Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Question
What is religion, and what role
does it play in culture?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Field Note
“Each religion approaches the
disposition of the deceased in
different ways, and cultural
landscapes reflect religious
traditions. In largely Christian,
western regions, the deceased are
buried in large, sometimes
elaborate cemeteries.
The Hindu faith requires
cremation of the deceased.
Wherever large Hindu
communities exist outside of
India, you will see
crematoriums, the equivalent of
a Hindu funeral home.”
Figure 7.2
Mombasa, Kenya
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is Religion, and
What Role Does It Play in Culture?
• According to Stoddard and Prorak, religion
is “A system of beliefs and practices that
attempts to order life in terms of culturally
perceived ultimate priorities.”
• Religions set standards for how people
“should” behave.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is Religion, and
What Role Does It Play in Culture?
Religions manifests itself in many ways:
• Worship
• Prayer
• Rituals
• Take place through regular intervals
• Birth, marriage, and death
• Attainment of adulthood
• Secularism is the indifference to or rejection
of religion.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Describe how religion and language affect
and change each other to shape cultures.
Consider what happens to a society’s
religion and language when a different
religion or language diffuses to the place.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Question
Where did the major religions of
the world originate, and how
do religions diffuse?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
• Monotheistic religions: single god
• Polytheistic religions: many gods
• Animistic religions: inanimate objects
possess spirits
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
Major types of religion:
• Universalizing religions:
• Actively seek converts
• Believe that they offer universal appropriateness
and appeal
• Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
• Ethnic religions:
• Adherents are born into the faith
• Do not actively seek converts
• Spatially located, Judaism the exception
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How to be a good person a bunch of different ways.
THE WORLD’S RELIGIONS
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The World today
• Christian 33.39%
– (of which Roman Catholic 16.85%, Protestant 6.15%,
Orthodox 3.96%, Anglican 1.26%)
• Muslim 22.74%
• Hindu 13.8%
• Buddhist 6.77%
• Sikh 0.35%
• Jewish 0.22%
• Baha'i 0.11%
• other religions 10.95%
• non-religious 9.66%
• atheists 2.01% (2010 est.)
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of South Asia
Hinduism
• One of oldest religions; over 4000 years
• Originated in the Indus River Valley
• Ganges (sacred river)
• Ancient practices include ritual bathing
and reincarnation
• Polytheistic
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aryan Migration
 pastoral  depended on their cattle.
 warriors  horse-drawn chariots.
Sanskrit
writing
The Vedas
 1200 BCE-600 BCE.
 written in SANSKRIT.
 Hindu core of
beliefs:
Rig Veda  oldest work.

hymns and poems.

religious prayers.

magical spells.

lists of the gods
and goddesses.
Varna (Social Hierarchy)
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables
Varna
• The Laws of Manu, an important Hindu
text which some believe dates back to
around 1500 BCE, divided society up into
four main groups or varnas.
• These groups, membership of which was
determined by birth, were: brahmin,
kshatriya, vaishya and shudra.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Varna
• Brahmins are holy men, priests with the
responsibility for performing rituals and
teaching others the meaning of the holy
books. Nowadays, many Indian
professionals are brahmins.
• Kshatriyas were the kings and warriors
who were charged with the responsibility
of ruling and defending the people.
Nowadays many kshatriyas work as
administrators and in the armed forces.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Varna
• Vaishyas are the business people in
society: merchants, farmers and so on.
• Shudras are the manual workers and
servants within society. They are roughly
equivalent to what used to be known as
the working classes.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Varna
• According to the Rig Veda, one of the
earliest and most important of Hindu holy
books, the different varnas were made
from various body parts of a giant, primal
man, the Purusha, who existed from the
very beginnings of time:
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Caste System
How many parts did they divide
primal man into, when they
divided him?
What was his mouth, his arms?
What were his thighs called and
his feet?
His mouth was the Brahmin,
His arms the Prince,
His thighs the commoners
And from his feet came the
Shudras
– (Rig Veda X: 11-12)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Caste
System
WHO IS…
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
 The mouth?
 The arms?
Vaishyas
 The legs?
 The feet?
What is a JATI?
Shudras
The Untouchables
• A fifth group of people, ‘the untouchables’, are
considered to be so low that they do not even
occupy an ‘official position’ within Hindu
society.
• These people refer to themselves as Dalits, or
‘the oppressed’.
• Even nowadays, when discrimination against
these people is outlawed in India, one still finds
dalits working in the dirtiest and most menial
jobs. Many Hindus still believe that you get bad
karma if the shadow of a dalit passes over you!
Is ‘Caste’ the same as
‘Varna’?
• This system of dividing society up into different social
groups has become known in the West as the caste
system.
• Actually ‘caste’ is a translation of the word ‘jati’ and not
‘varna’.
• Jatis are divisions within the varnas and refer to things
like differences in trade-a cobbler and a builder would
both be members of the same varna but they would have
different jatis, for instance.
• It is therefore wrong to use the term ‘caste system’ when
referring to the varnas.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of South Asia
Buddhism
• Splintered from Hinduism 2500 years ago
• Siddhartha
• Approximately 347 million adherents
Shintoism
• Japan
• Focused on nature and ancestor worship
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Polytheism
Shinto
Minimize
sin &
guilt
What are kami?
• Shinto is based on belief in, and worship of, kami.
• Kami can be elements of the landscape or forces of
nature.
• The best English translation of kami is 'spirits', but this is
an over-simplification of a complex concept - kami can
be elements of the landscape or forces of nature.
• Kami are close to human beings and respond to human
prayers. They can influence the course of natural forces,
and human events.
• Shinto tradition says that there are eight million million
kami in Japan.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Torii Gate, Miyajima
Island
Torii Gate in Winter
Torii Gate
A Tunnel of Torii Gates
Inari Mt., Kyoto
Torii Gong
Shinto Temple – “worship
hall”
Shinto Priest
Traditional Shinto
Wedding Today
Prayers, Thoughts, &
Wishes
at a Shinto Shrine
Chanoyu : Tea
Ceremony
Tea Ceremony
Equipment
Green Tea
A Japanese Tea
Master
A Japanese Tea
House
A Tea House Interior
Origami : The Art of
Japanese Paper Folding
Origami : Modern
Adaptations
Calligraphy
Calligraphy
Haiku : 17-syllable
poem
Spring departs.
Birds cry
Fishes' eyes are
filled with tears.
Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku
Ikebana : The Art of
Japanese Flower
Arranging
 Tallest  Heaven
 Middle  Man
 Smallest  Earth
Bonzai : A Unique Method
of Meditation
Japanese Garden for
Meditation
Japanese Zen Garden
Japanese Sand Garden
Miniature Rock/Sand
Garden
Shinto in Modern
Furniture
Simplicity!
Field Note
Figure 7.9
Borobudur, Indonesia
“Built about 800 CE when
Buddhism was diffusing
throughout Southeast Asia,
Borobudur was abandoned and
neglected after the arrivals of
Islam and Christianity and lay
overgrown until uncovered and
restored under Dutch colonial
rule from 1907 to 1911. The
monument consists of a set of
intricately carved, walled
terraces; the upper terraces are
open. In the upper terraces
stand six dozen stupas, each
containing a sculpture of the
Buddha in meditation, visible
when you peer through the
openings.”
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of the Huang He
River Valley
Taoism
• Lao-Tsu worship
• Tao-te-ching
• Feng Shui
Confucianism
• Confucius 551 to 479 BCE
• Confucian Classics
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Judaism
• Teachings of Abraham
• Orthodox and reformed
Diffusion of Judaism
• Diaspora
• Zionism
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Christianity
• Teachings of Jesus
• Split from Judaism
• Church split led to Eastern Orthodox
and Roman Catholic Church
• Protestant reformation challenged
fundamental Roman Catholic teachings
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Diffusion of Christianity
• European Colonialism in the sixteenth
century
• 33,000 denominations
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Islam
• Founder Muhammad
• Sacred text is the Qu’ran (Koran)
• Five pillars of Islam
• Shi’ite and Sunni
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Diffusion of Islam
• Kings used armies to spread faith across
Arabian Peninsula.
• Islam later spread by trade.
• 1.57 billion followers worldwide; is
fastest-growing religion.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
Indigenous and Shamanist
• Indigenous
– Local in scope
– Reverence for nature
– Passed down through tribes
• Shamanism
– Community faith
– Follow the practices and teachings of the
shaman
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Field Note:
Figure 7.18
Uluru, Australia
“Arriving at the foot of erosion-carved
Uluru just before sunrise it is no
surprise that this giant monolith,
towering over the Australian desert, is a
sacred place to local Aboriginal peoples.
Throughout the day, the changing sun
angle alters its colors until, toward
sunset, it turns a fiery red that yields to
a bright orange. At night it looms
against the moonlit, starry sky, silent
sentinel of the gods. Just two years
before this, my first visit in 1987, the
Australian government had returned
‘Ayers Rock’ (named by European
settlers after a South Australian political
leader) to Aboriginal ownership, and
reclaimed its original name, Uluru.
Visitors continued to be allowed to climb
the 1100 feet (335m) to the top, from
where the view over the desert is
awesome.”
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
The Rise of Secularism
• Indifference to or rejection of organized
religious affiliations and idea
• Varies greatly from country to country
and within countries.
• Antireligious ideologies can contribute to
the decline of organized religions.
• Church membership figures do not
accurately reflect active participation.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Migration plays a large role in the diffusion
of religions, both universalizing and ethnic.
As Europe becomes more secular, migrants
from outside of Europe continue to settle in
the region. Imagine Europe 30 years from
now. Predict where in Europe secularism
will be the most prominent and where
religious adherence will strengthen.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Question
How is religion seen in the
cultural landscape?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How Is Religion Seen in the
Cultural Landscape?
Sacred sites
• Places or spaces people infuse with religious
meaning
• Pilgrimage: Adherents voluntarily travel to a
religious site to pay respects or participate
in a ritual at the site
Sacred Sites of Jerusalem
• Sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
• Wailing Wall, Temple Mount, Dome of the
Rock
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Guest
Field Note
Ardmore, Ireland
“At St. Declan’s Holy Well in Ireland, I found a barbed wire fence substituting for
the more traditional thorn tree as a place to hang scraps of clothing as offerings.
This tradition, which died out long ago in most parts of Continental Europe, was
one of many aspects of Irish pilgrimage that led me to speculate on ‘Galway-to-theGanges’ survival of very old religious customs on the extreme margins of an
ancient Indo-European culture realm. My subsequent fieldwork focused on
contemporary European pilgrimage, but my curiosity about the geographical
extent of certain ancient pilgrimage themes lingered. While traveling in Asia, I
found many similarities among sacred sites across religions. Each religion has
formation stories, explanations of how particular sites, whether Buddhist
monasteries or Irish wells, were recognized as sacred. Many of these stories have
similar elements. And, in 1998, I traveled across Russia from the remote
Kamchatka Peninsula to St. Petersburg. Imagine my surprise to find the tradition
of hanging rag offerings on trees alive and well all the way across the Russian Far
East and Siberia, at least as far as Olkon Island in Lake Baikal.”
Credit: Mary Lee Nolan, Oregon State University
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 7.21
Jerusalem, Israel. The Church of
the Holy Sepulchre is sacred to
Christians who believe it is the site
where Jesus Christ rose from the
dead. Inside the church, a Christian
worshipper lights a candle at Jesus
Christ’s tomb. © Reuters/Corbis
Images.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How Is Religion Seen in the
Cultural Landscape?
Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism
• Hinduism
• Temples, shrines
• Holy animals, ritual bathing
• Buddhism
• The Bodhi (enlightenmnt) tree
• Stupus: bell shaped structures that
protect burial mounds
• Pagoda
Cremation in both Hinduism in Buddhism
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Field Note:
Yangon, Myanmar
“To reach the city of Yangon, Myanmar (Burma)
we had to transfer to a ferry and sail up the
Rangoon River for several hours. One of
Southeast Asia’s most spectacular Buddhist
shrines is the golden Shwedogon Pagoda in the
heart of Yangon. The golden dome (or chedi) is
one of the finest in Southeast Asia, and its
religious importance is striking: eight hairs of the
Buddha are preserved here. Vast amounts of gold
have gone into the creation and preservation of
the Shwedogon Pagoda; local rulers often gave
the monks their weight in gold—or more. Today,
the pagoda is a cornerstone of Buddhism,
drawing millions of faithful to the site.
Myanmar’s ruling generals have ruined the
country’s economy and continue to oppress
Buddhist leaders who try to convey public
grievances to the regime, even blocking
international aid following the devastating
impact of cyclone Nargis in May 2008. The
generals have a powerful ally in the Chinese, who
are building bridges and laying pipelines but who
exercise little influence over the military junta.”
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How Is Religion Seen in the
Cultural Landscape?
Landscapes of Christianity
• Medieval Europe
• Cathedral, church, or
monastery
• Burial more commonly
practiced
Figure 7.25
Bordeaux, France. Built beginning in 1472,
St. Michael’s Tower rises over Bordeaux,
France, marking the importance of the Catholic
Church in Bordeaux’s history and culture. © H.
J. de Blij.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How Is Religion Seen in the
Cultural Landscape?
Landscapes of Christianity
Religious Landscapes in the United States
Zelinsky: Map identifying religious regions of
the United States
New England: Catholic
South: Baptist
Upper Midwest: Lutheran
Southwest: Spanish Catholic
West, Midlands: no dominant denomination
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 7.28
Major Religious
Regions of the United
States.
A generalized map of
the religious regions of
the United States shows
concentrations of the
major religions.
Adapted with permission
from: W. Zelinsky, The
Cultural Geography of
the United States, rev.
ed., Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992,
p. 96.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
How Is Religion Seen in the
Cultural Landscape?
Landscapes of Islam
• Alhambra Palace in Granada
• Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
• Prohibition against depicting the human
form
• Led to calligraphy and geometric design
use
• Hajj
• Pilgrimage to Mecca
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 7.33
Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in
Mecca during the hajj. © Amel Emric/AP/Wide World Photos.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Choose a pilgrimage site, such as Mecca,
Vatican City, or the Western Wall, and
describe how the act of pilgrimage (in some
cases by millions) alters this place’s cultural
landscape and environment.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Question
What role does religion play in
political conflicts?
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Role Does Religion Play in
Political Conflicts?
Conflicts along Religious Borders
• Interfaith boundaries: boundaries between
the world’s major faiths
• Ex.: Christian-Muslim boundaries in
Africa
• Intrafaith boundaries: boundaries within a
single major faith
• Ex.: Christian Protestants and Catholics,
Muslim Sunni and Shi’ite
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 7.36
The West Bank. Adapted with
permission from: C. B. Williams and
C. T. Elsworth, The NewYork Times,
November 17, 1995, p. A6. © The
New York Times.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Role Does Religion Play in
Political Conflicts?
Israel and Palestine
• WWII, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, West Bank,
Hamas
Nigeria
• Muslim North/Christian South
The Former Yugoslavia
• Balkan Peninsula separates the Roman Catholic
Chruch and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Northern Ireland
• Catholics and Protestants in the North
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 7.39
Religious Affiliation in Northern Ireland. Areas of Catholic and Protestant
majorities are scattered throughout Northern Ireland. Adapted with permission
from: D. G. Pringle,One Island, Two Nations? Letchworth: ResearchStudies
Press/Wiley, 1985, p. 21.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Role Does Religion Play in
Political Conflicts?
Religious Fundamentalism and
Extremism
• Religious fundamentalism
• Beliefs are nonnegotiable and uncompromising
• Religious extremism
• Fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
• Fundamentalists can be extremists but this does
not mean that all fundamentalists (of any faith)
are extremists
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Role Does Religion Play in
Political Conflicts?
Religious Fundamentalism and
Extremism
Christianity
• Traditionalist Catholic Movement
• Protestant fundamentalism
Judaism
• Orthodox conservatives
• Extremist groups Kach and Kahane Chai
Islam
• Jihad: Taliban in Afghanistan
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Boal’s studies in Northern Ireland
demonstrate that solving a religious conflict
is typically not about theology; it is about
identity. You are assigned the potentially
Nobel Prize–winning task of “solving” the
conflict either in Northern Ireland or in
Israel and Palestine. Using Boal’s example,
determine how you can alter activity spaces
and change identities to create the
conditions for long-lasting peace in this
conflict zone.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.