Download Answers to Directed Reading 17.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4

SECTION17.1: WHAT IS CLIMATE?
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climate
temperature and precipitation
distance north or south, measured in degrees, from the equator
The higher the latitude is, the colder the climate tends to be. Therefore, the temperatures at the poles are very low.
During June and July the Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the sun and receives more direct solar energy for a longer time. The Southern
Hemisphere tilts away from the sun, so it has colder temperatures and shorter days.
7. prevailing winds
8. cools; precipitation
9. moist; dry
10. Dry prevailing winds can cause land near an ocean to be dry.
11. elevation
12. Mountains force air to rise. Air cools as it rises.
13. As air rises up a mountain, it cools. As it cools it releases moisture as precipitation, creating lush vegetation. After dry air crosses to the other side
of the mountain, it sinks and warms up, holding moisture. So the land receives little precipitation.
14. Water absorbs and releases heat more slowly than land does. So it moderates temperatures of surrounding land.
15. surface currents
16. Warm water from the Gulf Stream flows past Iceland, heating the air and raising temperatures.
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18. biome
19. There are several types of climates because of differences in geography and the amount of precipitation.
SECTION 16.1: WATER IN THE AIR
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weather
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runoff
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface into the air, onto and over the land, into the ground, and back to the surface.
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It increases.
100%
It increases.
Take a reading on the wet-bulb thermometer and on the dry-bulb thermometer. The larger the difference between the two readings, the lower the humidity. Use a table that
shows the differences between wet-bulb and dry-bulb readings to find the relative humidity.
15. B
16. C
17. The air next to the glass becomes saturated, then cools to below its dew point, so the water vapor condenses on the glass.
18. When water vapor is added to air through evaporation and when it cools to its dew point.
19. a collection of small drops of water or ice crystals suspended in the air
20. by form and by altitude
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23. D
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30. Sleet falls when rain falls through a layer of freezing air.
31. Snow forms in temperatures so cold that water vapor changes directly to a solid.
32. Hail collects water drops as it falls. An updraft can send the hail back up, where the water drops freeze to form another layer of ice. This process can be repeated many times,
adding many layers.
SECTION 16.2: AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
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the movement and interaction of air masses
air mass
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m—maritime, forms over water, wet; c—continental, forms over land, dry; P—polar, forms over the polar regions, cold; T—tropical, forms over the Tropics, warm
over northern Canada, over the North Atlantic Ocean, over the North Pacific Ocean
continental tropical
maritime tropical
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front
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C
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cold front: thunderstorms, heavy rain, or snow; warm front: drizzly rain and then clear, warm weather; occluded front: cool temperatures and large amounts of rain and snow;
stationary front: many days of cloudy, wet weather
cyclone
anticyclone
A cyclone can occur when colder, denser air spirals out of the anticyclone and moves toward an area of low pressure.
It causes stormy weather.
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19. It causes dry, clear weather.
SECTION 16.3: SEVERE WEATHER
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severe weather
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thunderstorm
lightning
between two clouds, between Earth and a cloud, or between two parts of the same cloud
thunder
high winds, hail, flash floods, and tornadoes
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A funnel cloud becomes a tornado when it makes contact with Earth’s surface.
strong updrafts of air in the cumulonimbus cloud
It forms a funnel cloud.
That is when cold, dry air from Canada meets warm, moist air from the Tropics.
They are very destructive due to their strong spinning winds, which can reach speeds of up to 500 km/h.
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Winds traveling in two different directions meet and cause the storm to spin.
the condensation of water vapor in the warm, moist air over the ocean
It no longer has a source of energy.
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high winds and flooding
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SECTION 16.4: FORECASTING THE WEATHER
1. 3–5 days
2. meteorologist
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4. D
5. C
6. E
7. A
8. temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity
9. by radio transmission
10. increases
11. Air pressure pushes on mercury inside the glass tube. The higher the mercury rises, the greater the air pressure.
12. radar
13. Doppler radar
14. weather satellites
15. The National Weather Service produces its maps based on information gathered from about 1,000 weather stations all over the United States.
16. station model
17. isobars
18. areas of high or low pressure
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