Download Cities and Civilizations

Cities and Civilizations
AP World History A
Warm Up:
Look at the map below.
1. Describe, on the back of your video notes
handout, where the earliest farming villages began.
2. Why is this part of the world the logical place for
farming to have begun?
Check the write
board for your
seating
assignment.
Cities and Warm
Civilizations
Up:
Take 5 minutes to complete your
River Valleys map and turn it in!
Look at the map below. Does your
map look like this one?
Check the write
board for your
seating
assignment.
AP World
History A
“Farmer Power”
Guns, Germs and Steel
Answer the following questions on a PowerPoint
slide. Email your slide to
Mrs. Bradley at [email protected]
(Title your slide document: lastname5farmer)
BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY!!
1. What does Diamond say is the one main
determining factor in which countries become
rich and powerful?
2. How did the invention of agriculture lead to the
rise of cities and civilizations?
Cities and Civilizations
Check the write
board for your
seating
assignment.
AP World
History A
Warm Up:
1.Take 10 minutes to complete
SOAPPSTONES and VENN
Diagram and turn them into the
wire basket! Staple all three
together and make sure your name
and period number are on all three
pages.
2. Next, write a definition for
“Civilization” in YOUR OWN
WORDS! (5 minutes)
Cities and Civilizations Seminar
We begin at about 8,000 BC
when village life began in
the New Stone Age. . . Also
known as the
Neolithic Revolution.
NEW
STONE AGE
What is the REVOLUTION?
A TOTALLY new way of living:
From
Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
Click on words and pictures for web links.
The invention of Agriculture
changed the way people lived.

Agriculture (Farming)
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Growth of Cities

Division of Labor
(Specialization)

Trade

Writing and Mathematics
GEOGRAPHY influenced the
development of river valley
civilizations.
Click on the
map for an
interactive
website map
of the four
earliest river
valley
civilizations.
CIVILIZATION

Civilization as Advanced Culture
 Population dependent on cities
 From Latin civitas
 Permanent institutions
 Politics, Religion; ability to make war
 Social, labor, gender divisions, inequality
 Clearly defined sense of other: barbarian,
nomad
 Artisan, intellectual classes favoring
technology
 Form of record keeping, specifically writing

Do not confuse with “good” or “superior”
Paul Philps, 2007
ANCIENT HUMOR
Paul Philps, 2007
Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment
Sumer
Egypt
Indus
Valley
China
• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or
buildings
• Flooding of the Nile predictable
• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s
villages
• Deserts were natural barriers
• Indus flooding unpredictable
• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
• Huang He flooding unpredictable
• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient
civilizations
Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The
Earliest of the River
Valley Civilizations

Sumerian
Civilization grew up
along the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in
what is now Kuwait.
Look at the map below.
Define “Fertile Crescent.”
Use a complete sentence.
Define “Fertile Crescent”
A well-watered and fertile area,
the fertile crescent arcs across the
northern part of the Syrian desert. It is
flanked on the west by the
Mediterranean and on the east by the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and
includes all or parts of Israel, the West
Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.
From antiquity this region was the site
of sophisticated settlements.
Greeks called the northern part of the
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
“Between Two Rivers”
(Tigris River and Euphrates River)
The southern part of Mesopotamia was
called Babylonia, originally Sumer.
Which country is Mesopotamia today?
(Iraq)
Sumer: The Ancient Middle East
Video Notes
1. Where is Mesopotamia
2.
3.
4.
5.
located?
Why did the Sumerians
settle in Mesopotamia?
What is a city-state?
What is a ziggurat?
Name at least one
invention of the
Sumerians.
Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)
ca. 3500 to 3000 BC.
(ca. = circa)
Sumer gave us the city-state.
Define: city-state
Political unit made up of a city and
the surrounding lands. Each city
state has its own government,
even when it shares a culture with
neighboring city states.
ORIGINS OF URBAN LIFE

Emergence of cities
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Tended to emerge in hostile environments
Harsh environments required stronger
organization
Cities were larger and more complex
Cities influenced life of large regions
Earliest cities in Southern Mesopotamia
Other hearths of urban civilization
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Indus River Valley
Nile River Valley
River Valley of the Huang He
Coastal Jungles of Mexico
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES
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“Necessity is the mother of invention”
Sumer in Southern Iraq was first civilization
Cuneiform, sciences, math aided farming
 Polytheistic religion

Religion was to appease gods, control nature
 Art, architecture dedicated to gods, religion

Priests, later kings rule city-states
 Land owning aristocracy dominate
 Warlike society with slavery
 Trade for needed materials

Paul Philps, 2007
Sumerian Writing: cuneiform
Click on the
picture for more
information about
cuneiform.
Click here to write
like a Babylonian.
Cuneiform is created by pressing a
pointed stylus into a clay tablet.
Sumerians invented:

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Brick technology
Wheel
Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees
Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in
a minute
12 month lunar calendar
arch
ramp
ziggurat
Ziggurat – Holy Mountain

Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.
Babylon
Gave us the first know written law code
and was the first civilization where the
citizens live by the “Rule of Law”
Define “rule of law”
Government by law. The rule of law
implies that government authority
may only be exercised in accordance
with written laws, which were adopted
through an established procedure.
Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC
Hammurabi’s Code
was this law code.
Hammurabi ruled the
Babylonian Empire for 42 years.
At the end of his long
reign, Hammurabi’s legal
decisions were collected and
inscribed on a stone tablet
in a Babylonian temple. The 282
laws of the Code of Hammurabi
represent one of the earliest
known legal systems.
For more information about Hammurabi’s Code, click here and on the picture.
“If a man stole the property of church or
state, that man shall be put to death;
also the one who received the stolen goods
from his hand shall be put to
death.”
The laws governed such
things as lying,
stealing, assault, debt,
business partnerships,
marriage, and divorce.
In seeking protection
for all members of
Babylonian society,
Hammurabi relied on
the philosophy of equal
retaliation, otherwise
known as “an eye for an
eye.”
EGYPT
“The Gift of the Nile”
(Herodotus)
Warm Up: Look at the
map and answer the
following question in your
notes:
What did Herodotus mean
when he said that Egypt
is the “gift of the Nile?”
Nile River
Lower Nile
Sahara Desert
Eastern
Desert
Upper Nile
Because of the
geography of the area,
without the Nile River,
there would be no Egypt.
THE NILE RIVER

Society very different from Sumer

Nile flooded regularly, predictably
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Location isolated
Pharaoh was considered god-king
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Provided rich soil, Easy soil to farm
Civilization regulated flooding, surveying
Theocracy, almost absolute
Built pyramid tombs for dead
Egypt unified for most of history
Achievements
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Mathematics especially geometry; architecture
Sciences, Medicine
Art was both secular and sacred
Religion was positive, egalitarian in many ways
Paul Philps, 2007
Egyptians invented:
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Hieroglyphics
Pyramids
Geometry
Advances in medicine and surgery
Hieroglyphics
Early Egyptian writing found on
tombs was indecipherable.
Hieroglyphics
Sacred
Carving
No one could read these sacred carvings
until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his
archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone.

Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.
Video: Write a short summary of
the finding, translation, and
importance of the Rosetta Stone.
For more information on the
Rosetta Stone, log on to one
of the following web sites.
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk
/writing/rosetta.html
OR
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseu
m/prehistory/egypt/hieroglyph
ics/rosettastone.html
Papyrus is one of the first
examples of paper. It is created
from reeds growing along the Nile
River.
Papyrus
RELIGIONS OF THE NILE
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Polytheism
 Extremely complex pantheon of gods
 Deification of nature
 Extremely powerful, influential priesthood with great
wealth
 Conflict of good, evil
 Humans judged for their actions
 Cult of Osiris
 Strong belief in afterlife, accountability for actions
 Mummification was but one aspect of this
 Regenerative cycle of Osiris/Ra-Re/Horus
Ahkenaton and Monotheism
 Amenhotep believed there was only one God
 Ended polytheism, opposed by priests; was
assassinated
Nubian Beliefs
 Adopted many Egyptian beliefs
 Major focus on the sun and moon
Paul Philps, 2007
The Hebrews: Empire Builders
of Another Kind - Religion
“I am the Lord your
God, who brought
you out of the land
of Egypt, out of the
house of bondage.
You shall have no
other gods before
Me.”
Click here to explore an Iron Age
Israelite house. Click on Exhibit.
These words, the first of
the Ten Commandments
– set the Hebrews apart
from all other people of
the Fertile Crescent.
Instead of worshipping
many gods (polytheism)
they prayed to one God
(monotheism). The basis
for their Code of Laws is
known as “the Ten
Commandments.” This is
the root of Judaism.
Contributions of the Hebrews:
Ethical Monotheism
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Monotheism – belief in
one God
Covenant – belief that
they had made a binding
agreement with God
Ethical Law Code – A
law code sent by God
himself based on
personal morality: the
Ten Commandments
Click here for links to a history
of the Hebrews.
Contributions of the Hebrews:
Ethical Monotheism

Video: Answer the
following questions in
your notes. Title these
questions – “Hebrews
Video”
1. Why did the Hebrews
settle in Canaan?
2. What is the major
contribution the
Hebrews made to
civilization?
Indus River Valley
2500 BC – 1500 BC
Around 2600 B.C.
the various regional
cultures were united
in what is called the
Indus Valley
Civilization. It is also
commonly referred
to as the Harappan
culture after the
town of Harappa
(where it was first
discovered.)

Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley
civilizations
INDUS VALLEY
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Arose around 2,500 BCE
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Mohenjo Daro, Harappa main cities
Independent city-states, strong government
Extremely well-planned, coordinated cities
Elaborate writing system (undeciphered)
Religion worshipped mother goddess
Little evidence of warfare until end
Devastated by environmental upheavals
Destroyed by Indo-European (Aryan) nomads
Paul Philps, 2007
HARAPPAN SOCIETY
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The Indus River
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Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
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Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas
Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile
Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley
Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E.
Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.
Possibly served as twin capitals
Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary
Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings
Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks
Specialized labor and trade
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Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals
Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.
Paul Philps, 2007
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Excavations at the ancient
Harappan and Mohenjo Daro
mounds revealed well planned
cities and towns built on massive
mud brick platforms that protected
the inhabitants against seasonal
floods.
In the larger cities the houses were
built of baked brick while at smaller
towns most houses were built of
sun-dried mud brick.
Each city is laid out in a grid
pattern and shows signs of
stunningly modern plumbing
systems.
Much writing has been found at these
sites, but it has not yet been translated.
HUANG-HE (YELLOW) RIVER
Developed in isolation
 Compare with ancient Egypt

 Xia
Dynasty (Mythical?)
 God-like
kings
 Taught irrigation, sericulture
 Shang
Dynasty
 Warlike
kings, landed aristocracy; few priests
 Most people worked land as peasants
 Elaborate bronze workings; naturalistic art
Paul Philps, 2007
CHINESE WRITING
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Ideographic
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Writing denotes ideas
First used on Oracle Bones
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Elitist technique = scholar-bureaucrats
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Priests asked gods questions
Wrote questions on bones
Tossed into fire; cracks read by priests (divination)
Extremely difficult to read
Required well-educated class to use
Only elite had time to learn
Cuneiform, hieroglyphs had similar effects
Paul Philps, 2007
Shang China
1600 BC – 1122 BC
Turn to the map on page 92. Note
the geographic features which
isolated China.
Lack of contact with
foreigners helped give
the Chinese a strong
sense of identity and
superiority. They
regarded their land as
the only civilized land
and called it Zhongguo
or the Middle Kingdom.
This Chinese isolation
contributed to the
Chinese belief that
China was at the center
of the earth and the
sole source of
civilization.
DYNASTIC CYCLE
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One ruling family
replaces another
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Stages in Cycle
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The Dynasty Changes
Due to the loss of the
Mandate of Heaven
New dynasty arises, takes
control of China
Strengthens rule,
reestablishes prosperity,
peace
Weakens, becomes lazy,
problems arise
Invasions, revolts toss out
reigning dynasty
Shang replaces Xia,
Zhou replaces Shang
Paul Philps, 2007
MANDATE OF HEAVEN
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Chinese political idea
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Rulers exercise power
given by heaven
Rulers continue to rule if
heaven pleased
Heaven will take back
mandate to rule
Heaven will replace ruling
dynasty
Indicators of a Lost
Mandate
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Wars, invasions, military
disasters
Over-taxation, disgruntled
peasants
Social, moral decline of
elite classes
Increased crime, banditry
Paul Philps, 2007
The European counterpart of
the Chinese Mandate of
Heaven was the Divine Right
of Kings.
HOW
THE
CYCLE
AND
MANDATE
WORK
TOGETHER
Paul Philps, 2007
The first true emperor of
China, was Shi Huangdi.
Shi Huangdi’s most remarkable
achievement was the Great Wall.
Click here for a panoramic tour of the Great
Wall. Read the information under the
pictures and send your teacher a
postcard from one of the panoramic sites
to show that you visited! Click on each
picture here to see more information on
Shi Huangdi and the Great Wall.
The Great Wall of China
HERITAGES
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First heritages passed on
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River valley civilizations decline by 1000BCE
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Writing systems inherited
Intellectual systems, art copied
Religious, philosophical systems copied
Useful inventions rarely forgotten, easily spread
All subject to nomadic invasions
Indo-Europeans and Semites were strongest
Geographical centers shifted (all except China)
Political Structures often not continued
Paul Philps, 2007
CIVILIZATION SPREADS
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Phoenician Sailors in Lebanon

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Lydians, Hittites in Asia Minor
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City-states traded across Mediterranean
Invented alphabet
Introduced Iron, coinage to area
Hebrews in Palestine
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Large Semitic migration in area
Ethical monotheism
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Conduct determines salvation
There is only one God speaking through prophets,
priests
God made a covenant with the Jews, his Chosen
people
Paul Philps, 2007
NOMADS: BARBARIANS?
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Pastoral herding on fringes
Seen as savages
Interaction vs. conflict
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Nomads traded, coexisted with settled areas
Nomads warred on, conquered settled areas
Often protected merchants, allowed trade
Prior to 1500 BCE little major threat
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Chariot Peoples (Central Asian Indo-Europeans)
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Domesticated horse, invented chariot, iron weapons
Pushed into SW Asia, S. Asia, E. Asia, Europe
Responsible for spread of ideas, trade
Paul Philps, 2007