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EXCRETORY SYSTEM KARA ROBBINS FUNCTION - - Get rid of waste Eliminates useless byproducts excreted by cells Eradicates harmful chemical build-up Maintains a steady, balanced chemical concentration KIDNEY Function • Filter blood • Remove waste • Control body’s fluid balance • Regulate balance of electrolytes • Create urine which collects in kidney’s pelvis • Urine drains down ureters to bladder URETERS Function • Moves urine from the kidneys to the bladder BLADDER Functions • Stores urine • Allows urinating to be infrequent and voluntary URETHRA Function • Opening the allows urine to be discharged from the urinary bladder NITROGENOUS WASTE Ammonia • Mainly used by aquatic animals • Get rid of by excreting in very dilute solutions • In soft-body invertebrates, diffuses across whole body surface into surrounding water • In freshwater fish, helps maintain Na+ concentrations much higher than surrounding water because they switch NH4+ for Na+ NITROGENOUS WASTE Urea • Mainly used to terrestrial animals • Use urea instead of ammonia because it conserves water • If using ammonia would have to urinate copiously because the compound is too toxic • Made during the metabolic by combining ammonia with carbon dioxide NITROGENOUS WASTE Uric Acid • Excreted by land snails, birds, insects, and some reptiles • Can be excreted as a precipitate after nearly all the water has been reabsorbed by urine • Animals use uric acid based on mode of reproduction and environmental changes NEPHRON PROCESS Filtration Reabsorption • occurs as a result of relative high pressure inside the capillaries and low pressure in the Bowman's capsule • Fine capillaries of the glomerulus have porous walls • Through pores flow small molecules such as water, glucose, amino acids and waste products • Red blood cells and giant protein molecules too big to squeeze through these pores • form of active transport which takes the useful substances for the body from the tubules and places them back into the blood filled capillaries • Remain inside the blood vessels NEPHRON PROCESS Secretion • Process which the peritubular capillary transports certain substances directly into the fluid of the renal tubule • Transported by similar mechanism as reabsorption but done in reverse Excretion • Removes the extra substances • Transforms into urine and sent to bladder out of kidney DISORDERS • Urethritis • Inflammation of the Urethra • Caused by infection by bacteria that enter the urethra through skin around the urethra’s opening • Symptoms: • Feeling the frequent or urgent need to urinate • Difficulty starting urination • Pain during sex • Discharge from the urethral opening or vagina • In men, blood in urine or semen • Increased prevalence in: • Females in reproductive years • Males ages 20-25 • People with many sexual partners • High-sexual risk takers and people with history of STDs • Treatment: • Antibiotics DISORDERS • Cystitis • Inflammation of the bladder • Caused by E. Coli or a bacterial infection • Symptoms: • Strong persistent urge to urinate • Burning sensation when urinating • Blood in urine • Passy cloudy or strongsmelling urine • Discomfort in pelvic area • Low-grade fever • Low-pressure in lower abdomen • Prevalence is approximately 1 in every 43 persons • Treatment: • Antibiotics
