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_______: the study of Cells
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
Plant cell
Cells
The basic unit of life, yet complex
Show basic signs of life:
Growth
_________
Energy _________
Respond to _______
Self-replicate _______ information
Cells
Animal cell
Cell structure
Eukaryotic cell design
Plants & animals, not _________
Organelles
Functional parts of cells
2 types: membranous and structural
Cells > structure
Membranous organelles
Surrounded by _____________
1) Plasma (cell) membrane
Form:
Membrane around cell
Functions:
Bounds ________ (cell’s ‘soupy’ contents)
Transports _______ in and out of cell
Protects cell from _________
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
Fluid-mosaic model of cellular membranes
All cellular membranes
____________ bilayer
Double layer of phospholipid molecules
= “Water-_____”
= “Water-______”
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
Phospholipids
Phosphorus atom imparts ________
Thus, water soluble
Fatty acids
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
Phospholipids ‘float’ in cellular membrane
Thus, “fluid-mosaic”
Membranes also contain ________ proteins
Move molecules in and out of cell
Transport proteins
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
2) Nucleus
Form: sphere surrounded by ________ membrane
Function: storage of DNA
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Form:
Fluid filled sacs
Interconnected _______
Function:
Synthesis of ______
molecules
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
4) Mitochondrion
Form:
Pea-shaped
Double ____________
Function:
Cellular respiration
(conversion of food molecules into ______ and _____)
The cellular “________ factory”
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
5) Vacuoles
Form:
Membranous sac
Very large in _____
Function:
Temporary _______
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
6) Golgi Apparatus
Form:
Fluid-filled sacs
___ interconnected channels
Functions:
Sort, modify, and store ________
Route molecules elsewhere in cell
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
7) Vesicles
Form:
Fluid-filled sacs
Function:
Transport molecules within cell
Origin:
Most membranous organelles
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
Golgi Apparatus
The Endomembrane System
All membranous organelles that exchange molecules
Cells > structure > membranous organelles
Structural organelles
1) Cytoskeleton
Form:
Fibrous meshwork
Not membranous
Functions:
Organelle _________
Transport “lanes”
Cells > structure > structural organelles
2) Locomotor structures
a) _____
Many, short, hair-like
Ciliate Protist:
Cells > structure > structural organelles
Tracheal
Lining:
b) _______
Few, long, hair-like
Flagellate Protist:
Cells > structure > structural organelles
Human Sperm:
Structures unique to plants
Cell Wall
Function: ______,
protection
Chloroplast
Function: ____________
Plastid
Function: ________
& photosynthesis
Cells > structure > unique plant cell structures
Prokaryotic cell design
Bacteria only
__ nuclear membrane
Nuclear “region”
Few organelles
Circular DNA
“_______”
Unique _________ flagellum
Unique cell wall
unlike cell wall of ______
Cells > prokaryotic design
Theory of the evolution of eukaryotic cells
1) Began as _______________ cells
2) “In-folding” of plasma membrane created
____________________
3) Membranous organelles then formed
In-folding
Cells > eukaryotic design
4) Endosymbiosis then occurred
a. Energy-efficient bacterium invaded ancestral cell
Became a _________
b. Photosynthetic bacterium also invaded
Became a _________
Cells > eukaryotic design