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BIOL 4260 Human Evolutionary Anatomy Lecture 15: Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Lecture 2: Fossil Record Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand Relatively large muscles that perform flexion and extension at the joints of the fingers Provide strength and crude control of the hand and fingers These muscles are found mostly on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the forearm Their tendons carpus enclosed in sheaths associated with connective tissue thickenings called retinacula Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Smaller muscles that provide fine control of hand Responsible for flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints Responsible for opposition and reposition of the thumb These muscles are found mostly in the palm or the back of the hand Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand Flexor muscles Flexor digitorum superficialis: flexion at the wrist and some digits Flexor digitorum profundus: flexion at the wrist and some digits Flexor pollicis longus: flexion of the thumb Tendon of biceps brachii Median nerve Pronator teres (cut) Brachial artery Radius Ulna Brachioradialis (retracted) Flexor carpi ulnaris (retracted) Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus LATERAL MEDIAL Anterior view of the middle layer of muscles. The flexor carpi radialis muscle and palmaris longus muscle have been removed. 6 Supinator Brachialis Cut tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus (see Figure 11.8f) LATERAL MEDIAL Anterior view of the deep layer of muscles 8 Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand (continued) Extensor/Abductor Group Abductor pollicis longus: abduction of thumb Extensor digitorum: extension of fingers and wrist Extensor pollicis brevis: extension of thumb, abducts the wrist Extensor indicis: extension and adduction of index finger Extensor digiti minimi: extension of little finger, extension of wrist Summary for extensors of digits 10 Anconeus Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Tendon of extensor pollicis longus MEDIAL Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis LATERAL Posterior view of the middle layer of muscles Anconeus Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Ulna Radius Tendon of extensor digiti minimi (cut) Tendon of extensor digitorum (cut) MEDIAL LATERAL Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Thenar Muscles Adductor pollicis : adducts the thumb Abductor pollicis brevis: abducts the thumb Opponens pollicis: opposition movement of the thumb Flexor pollicis brevis: flex and adduct thumb Hypothenar Muscles Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flex little finger Opponens digiti minimi: brings digits into opposition with the small digit Abductor digiti minimi: abducts little finger Palmaris brevis: moves the skin on the medial side of the palm Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Midpalmar Muscles Lumbricals: flexion of the digits at metacarpophalangeal joints Dorsal interosseus: abduction of digits 2–4 Palmar interosseus: adduction of digits 2, 4, and 5 15 16 17 18 19 Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis First dorsal interosseus Synovial sheaths Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Lumbricals Palmar interosseus Adductor pollicis Tendons of flexor digitorum (both profundus and superficialis) Opponens digiti minimi Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Palmaris brevis (cut) Tendon of palmaris longus Abductor digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris Tendon of flexor carpi radialis Anterior (palmar) view Figure 11.11a Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand Tendon of extensor indicis First dorsal interosseus muscle Tendon of extensor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Tendon of extensor pollicis longus Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis Tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus Tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis Posterior (dorsal) view Muscles that move the femur The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and more powerful than those of the upper limbs. These muscles can be divided into three groups: Muscles that move the femur (thigh) Muscles that move the tibia and fibula (leg) Muscles that move the foot and toes Muscles that move the femur Originate on the pelvis: Divided into Four groups Gluteal group Lateral rotator group Adductor group Iliopsoas group Muscles that move the femur The Gluteal Group Gluteus maximus: posterior extension at the hip Gluteus medius: abduction at the hip Gluteus minimus: abduction at the hip Tensor fasciae latae: abduction at the hip The gluteal group Maximus: origin- iliac crest and lateral surfaces of ilium, sacrum and coccyx insertion- lateral surface of greater trochanter Muscles that move the femur The Lateral Rotator Group Obturators: lateral rotation and abduction of hip Piriformis: lateral rotation and abduction of hip Gemelli: lateral rotation and abduction of hip Quadratus femoris: lateral rotation of hip 27 Muscles that move the femur The Adductor Group: origin is pubis and ischium All insert on pectineal line, linea aspera, or medial surface of tibia Adductor brevis: adduction at the hip Adductor longus: adduction and medial rotation at the hip Adductor magnus: adduction at the hip Pectineus: flexion and adduction at the hip Gracilis: flexion and medial rotation at the knee/adduction and medial rotation at the hip Iliopsoas Psoas major Iliacus L5 Piriformis Inguinal ligament Obturator internus Obturator externus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group Pectineus Sartorius (see Table 11.7) Muscles that move the femur Iliopsoas The Iliopsoas Group Iliacus: flexion at the hip Psoas major: flexion at the hip Psoas major Iliacus Muscles That Move the Tibia and Fibula (Leg) Extensors of the Knee Vastus intermedius: extends the lower leg Vastus lateralis: extends the lower leg Vastus medialis: extends the lower leg Rectus femoris: extends the lower leg/flexion at the hip The three vastus muscles and the rectus femoris muscle are collectively called the quadriceps femoris 32 Muscles That Move the Tibia and Fibula (Leg) Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris: flexes lower leg/extension at the hip Semimembranosus: flexes lower leg Semitendinosus: flexes the lower leg Sartorius: allows crossing of the lower leg Popliteus: flexes lower leg The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus are collectively called the hamstrings Iliac crest Gluteal aponeurosis over gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Biceps femoris, long head Gracilis Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteal artery (red) and vein (blue) Tibial nerve Medial head of gastrocnemius Lateral head of gastrocnemius Posterior view of superficial muscles of the right thigh Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles of the Foot and Toes Muscles that originate on the lower leg but yet move the foot and toes Intrinsic Muscles of the Toes Muscles that originate on some aspect of the foot but yet move the toes SUPERFICIAL DEEP Patella Iliotibial tract Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Fibula Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Tibia Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus Inferior extensor retinaculum Anterior views showing superficial and deep muscles of the right leg Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Anterior compartment Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion of the foot Origin- lateral condyle of tibia and proximal shaft of tibia. Insertion:1st metatarsal Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Anterior compartment Extensor digitorum longus: extension of toes 2–5 Origin- lateral condyle of tibia Insertion:superior surfaces of phalanges 2-5st Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Anterior compartment Extensor hallucis longus: extension of hallux Origin- Anterior surface of fibula:superior of distal phalanx of great toe Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Head of fibula Lateral head of gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, LATERAL COMPARTMENT Calcaneal tendon Fibularis longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Lateral view of the superficial muscles of the right leg Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Lateral Compartment Fibularis (peroneus) longus: eversion of the foot Origin- Head and Proximal shaft of fibula: Insertion: Base of first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Lateral Compartment Fibularis brevis: eversion of the foot Origin- Mid-lateral shaft of fibula: Insertion: Base of fifth metatarsal bone Plantaris Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT Popliteus Gastrocnemius, medial head Soleus Gastrocnemius, lateral head Soleus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the legs; these large muscles are primarily responsible for plantar flexion. Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Posterior Compartment Gastrocnemius: plantar flexion of the foot Origin- Posterior of Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur: Insertion: calcaneous via Achilles tendon Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Posterior Compartment Plantaris: plantar flexion origin- lateral epicondyle of femur insertion- Achilles tendon Soleus: plantar flexion origin- posterior surfaces of proximal tibia and fibula Insertion- calcaneous via Achilles tendon Head of fibula Tibialis posterior Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, DEEP posterior COMPARTMENT Fibularis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior view of deeper muscles of the leg Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Posterior Compartment Flexor digitorum longus: flexion of toes 2–5 origin- posterior-medial surface of tibia insertion- inferior surface of distal phalanx of digits 2-5 Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Extrinsic Muscles Posterior Compartment Tibialis posterior: inversion of foot origin- Interossues membrane and adjacent shaft of tibia and fibula insertion- posterior of tarsals (navicular, all three cuneiforms and cuboid) and metatarsals 2-4 Muscles That Move the Toes Extrinsic Muscles Posterior Compartment Flexor hallucis longus: flexion of the hallux origin- Posterior 2/3 of fibula insertion- distal phalanx of hallux Popliteus: Lateral rotation of femur at knee Origin: lateral epicondyle of femur Insertion: medial proximal tibia Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes Extensor digitorum brevis: extension of toes 1–4 Abductor hallucis: abduction of the hallux Flexor digitorum brevis: flexion of toes 2–5 Abductor digiti minimi: abduction of the little toe Quadratus plantae: flexion of toes 2–5 Lumbricals: extension of toes 2–5 Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes Tendon of fibularis brevis Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus of fibula Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendons of extensor digitorum longus Fibularis brevis Medial malleolus of tibia Tendon of tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis brevis Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis Lateral malleolus of fibula Inferior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Abductor hallucis Dorsal interossei Superior extensor retinaculum Tendon of extensor hallucis brevis Tendons of extensor digitorum longus Dorsal interossei Extensor expansion Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis Dorsal views of the right foot Medial malleolus of tibia Tendon of tibialis anterior Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Abductor hallucis Tendon of extensor hallucis brevis Extensor expansion Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Toes Flexor hallucis brevis: flexion of the hallux Adductor hallucis: adducts the hallux Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flexion of the little toe Dorsal interossei: abduction of toes 3 and 4 Plantar interossei: adduction of toes 3–5 Lumbricals Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis overlying tendons of flexor digitorum longus Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Fibrous tendon sheaths Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Calcaneus Plantar (inferior) view, superficial layer of the right foot Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis (cut) Lumbricals Abductor digiti minimi (cut) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Abductor digiti minimi (cut) Calcaneus Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis (cut and retracted) Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Tendon of tibialis posterior Quadratus plantae Flexor digitorum brevis (cut) Abductor hallucis (cut) Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Plantar (inferior) view, deep layer of the right foot Adductor hallucis (transverse head) Abductor digiti minimi (cut) Plantar interossei Flexor digiti minimi brevis Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Flexor digitorum brevis (cut) Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Calcaneus Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis (oblique head) Tendon of tibialis posterior Plantar ligament Tendon of flexor digitorum longus (cut) Tendon of flexor hallucis longus (cut) Plantar (inferior) view, deepest layer of the right foot