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Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline 1959: The Cuban Revolution October 28, 1959 - US and Turkey agree to place Jupiter missiles in Turkey May 1960 U2 plane shot down over USSR May 7, 1960 USSR and Cuba establish diplomatic relations October 12, 1960 Khrushchev bangs shoe on desk October 19, 1960 US bans exports to Cuba December 19, 1960 Cuba openly aligns with USSR January 3, 1961 US closes US embassy in Havana January 20, 1961 Kennedy becomes President April 12, 1961, Yuri Gargarin first human in Space April 17 -19, 1961 — Bay of Pigs President Batista of Cuba fled from Cuba to the Dominican Republic. His departure allowed Fidel Castro’s revolutionary forces to seize power; Castro became Prime Minister. Initially, Castro claimed that his revolution was not a Communist revolution. Towards the end of the 1950s, the United States had begun placing nuclear missiles in Europe. The United States concluded an agreement with NATO member Turkey on October 28 in order to place intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Turkey targeting the Soviet Union. Flying over Russia, an American U2 spy plane was shot down by Soviet air defenses. The pilot, Gary Powers, survived and was taken prisoner by the Soviets. Powers was eventually exchanged in 1962. The incident forced the United States to admit that it was conducting spy over flights of the USSR. The Soviet Union provided diplomatic recognition of the new Cuban government. Indicative of growing tensions during the Cold War, Premier Khrushchev removed his shoe and banged it against his desk during a meeting at the UN General Assembly to protest a speech by a Filipino delegate criticizing the Soviet Union. The United States ended all exports to Cuba in response to nationalization of American property in Cuba. Cuba openly aligned itself with Moscow after the Soviet government established trade relations and provided an economic credit to Havana. The US rescinded its diplomatic recognition of the Castro government and prepared to close its embassy in Cuba after Havana aligned itself with the Soviet Union. Hundreds of Cuban nationals flocked to the American diplomatic mission's headquarters in hopes of obtaining a visa before they closed. John F. Kennedy (JFK), after beating Richard Nixon in the 1960 election, was sworn-in as President. In a major victory for the Soviet space program, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space. Gagarin also completed an orbit of the Earth. Initiated during the Eisenhower administration, the United States trained and supported a cadre of 1,500 anti-Castro Cuban exiles. On April 17, the rebels landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in order to topple the Castro government. The Kennedy administration decided to withdraw military support for the invasion, dooming the rebel force. After three days, the exiles were defeated, a major blow for the United States and John F. Kennedy. June 1961, missiles placed in Turkey June 4, 1961, Vienna meeting of Kennedy and Khrushchev August 13, 1961 Berlin Wall construction begins November 30, 1961 Operation Mongoose authorized January 21 — January 31, 1962 Organization of American States (OAS) expels Cuba February 3, 1962 US embargo of Cuba proclaimed May 13 — May 20, 1962, Khrushchev decision to place missiles in Cuba May 29, 1962, Soviet delegation to Cuba September 15, 1962, first Soviet missiles arrive in Cuba October 14, 1962 U2 flight photographs October 15, 1962, analysis of U2 photographs October 16, 1962 – photographic evidence to President and National The Jupiter nuclear missiles were officially deployed in Turkey. Kennedy and Khrushchev met to discuss international relations. During the meeting, Khrushchev developed a low opinion of Kennedy. This may have contributed to Khrushchev’s aggression during the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the night of August 13, the Soviets and East Germans built a wall dividing East and West Berlin. The barrier kept East Germans from fleeing to the West for 28 years. US and Soviet forces face each other but are ultimately withdrawn, President Kennedy accepts the Berlin Wall lest war break out. JFK authorized CIA to conduct covert operations in Cuba in order to kill Castro and remove the Communist government from power. At the OAS’s eighth meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the United States led the other Western Hemispheric countries in a vote to eject Cuba from the OAS. The United States announced a near-complete economic, commercial and financial embargo of Cuba. Proclamation 3447: Embargo on all trade with Cuba According to his memoirs Khrushchev decided to place nuclear missiles in Cuba at some point during a May trip to Bulgaria. After the trip, he informed members of the Politburo of his plans. After deliberations within the Soviet government, Khrushchev dispatched a delegation to discuss the placement of nuclear missiles in the country. Castro accepted the missile deployment the day after meeting the delegation. The first Soviet ship (the Poltava) carrying medium-range ballistic missiles arrived in Cuba. Soviets begin construction of missile launch sites A U2 aircraft flying over western Cuba took pictures of the Soviet missile sites for the first time. U-2 photograph of MRBM site two nautical miles away from the Los Palacios deployment – the second set of MRBMs found in Cuba. This site was subsequently named San Cristobal no. 1 Analysis from the National Photographic Interpretation Center confirmed the existence of Soviet missile sites in Cuba. The photographic analysis also reveals that the Soviets were placing intermediate-range IL-28 bombers in Cuba, capable of carrying nuclear bombs to the US mainland. On the morning of October 16, Kennedy was informed by his National Security Advisor, McGeorge Bundy, of the nuclear missile sites. Kennedy assembled an Executive Committee of the National Security Council October 22, 1962 – Kennedy goes on TV to explain the Cuban situation October 23, 1962 – OAS supports the quarantine of Cuba October 24, 1962 – Soviet ships reverse course October 25, 1962 – Stevenson presents evidence of missile sites at UN October 26, 1962 – private Khrushchev letter October 27, 1962 – public Khrushchev letter October 28, 1962 – public announcement from Khrushchev to withdraw missiles November 5 -November 9, 1962, Soviet missiles leave Cuba November 20, 1962, blockade ends December 5 — December 6, 1962, Soviet bombers leave April 24, 1963 – last US missiles leave Turkey June 10, 1963 – JFK Security Council, or “ExComm” to work on the crisis. Most members of the ExComm favored a military strike against the sites. Over time Kennedy decided to commit to a step before military attack: a blockade of Cuba to prevent the further Soviet supply of missiles. After deliberating for nearly a week, President Kennedy made a television address informing the world about the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Kennedy announced that the United States would enforce a quarantine of Cuba and prevent “offensive military equipment” from reaching Cuba. Kennedy stated that the U.S. would not end the quarantine until the Soviet Union removes their missiles. US strategic forces put on alert. In a critical moment of international support, the OAS voted to approve the quarantine of Cuba, adding legitimacy to the American blockade. Meanwhile, American ships move into position along the blockade line. With the blockade in place, Soviet ships traveling to Cuba held or reversed course. The US subsequently allowed a few ships not carrying nuclear weapons to pass the blockade line. The United States requested an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council. During the meeting, the Soviet ambassador rejected the American claim that the Soviets have placed missiles in Cuba. In response, UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson told the Soviet Ambassador he was willing to wait “until hell freezes over” for a Soviet answer as to whether there were missiles in Cuba. Stevenson then presented photos of the missile sites in the UN chambers. Premier Khrushchev sent a private letter to Kennedy stating his willingness to remove the nuclear missiles from Cuba in exchange for an American pledge never to invade Cuba. After the previous private letter, Khrushchev issued a public demand: the Soviet Union would withdraw the missiles from Cuba if the US pledged to never invade Cuba and agreed to withdraw its missiles from Turkey. The Soviet government announced they had accepted the American offer to never invade Cuba in exchange for removing the nuclear weapons from Cuba. The Soviets did not mention the secret deal that the Americans would also remove their missiles from Turkey. The Soviet Union removed their nuclear missiles from Cuba. With the Soviet missiles out of Cuba, the United States ended its blockade of Cuba. The Soviets removed their IL-28 bombers from Cuba. The removal of the bombers ended the nuclear threat from Cuba. The last Jupiter missile was removed from Turkey as per the secret agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. In a speech to the graduating class of American University, President announces discussion of nuclear test ban June 20, 1963 – hotline set up between Moscow and Washington August 5, 1963 – Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in Moscow November 22, 1963, Kennedy assassination October 14, 1964, Khrushchev removed March 5, 1970 – Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) September 3, 1971 – Four Power Agreement on Berlin Kennedy called for greater cooperation with the Soviet Union. Kennedy announced that the Soviet Union had reached out to Washington to negotiate a nuclear test ban. After the tense negotiations during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet and American governments decided to set up a direct phone line between Moscow and Washington. The “hotline” remains to this day. The White House Kremlin "hot line" providing direct communication for emergency use by the Chief of Staff in Washington and Moscow, became operational August 30, 1963. The United States and Soviet Union agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons everywhere except underground. The treaty, banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water, was signed by representatives of the United States, Britain and Russia. On November 22, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as America’s president. After political manoeuvring throughout 1964, Premier Khrushchev was forced to resign by the Soviet Politburo (in part due to his perceived failures during the Cuban missile crisis). Leonid Brezhnev became the new First Secretary of the Soviet Union; he would remain its leader until 1982. The United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union brokered an international treaty that seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. The treaty remains in force to this day with 190 signatories. Three states have never joined the NPT: India, Pakistan, and Israel. North Korea announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003 The US, Soviet Union, UK, and France finalized an agreement charging the West and East German governments to ensure access to and from West Berlin. In effect, the Soviet government pledged not to blockade West Berlin, preventing another Berlin Crisis. John F. Kennedy In 1960, at the age of 43, John F. Kennedy became the youngest elected President in U.S. history, during a period of growing tensions in the U.S.-Soviet Cold War rivalry. Soon after taking office in 1961, he authorized the “Bay of Pigs” invasion led by the CIA and exiles from Cuba, whose government had been overthrown by communist rebels in 1959. This failed to overthrow leader Fidel Castro, and was a major embarrassment to Kennedy. Tensions with the Soviet Union further escalated during the 1961 Berlin Crisis. These events set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis. On October 15, 1962 Kennedy was informed of the discovery of Soviet missiles in Cuba and called a meeting of a small circle of trusted advisors (known as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, or ExComm). He resisted pressure to react quickly with a surprise air strike, and took time to deliberate in secret on the possible courses of action. On October 22 the President announced a naval blockade on further arms shipments to Cuba. He then worked out an agreement with the Soviets, which involved a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba if the Soviet Union withdrew its missiles, a threat to attack within 24 hours if the offer wasn’t accepted, and a secret promise to withdraw U.S. missiles from Turkey in four-five months. Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev became First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1953 after a power struggle following Stalin’s death, and served as Premier from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev began efforts to “de-Stalinize” Soviet society. However, in 1961 tensions between the superpowers escalated over the Berlin Crisis. In the spring of 1962 Khrushchev made the decision to place Soviet missiles in Cuba secretly in order to give a quick boost to Soviet missile power, and to strengthen the USSR’s bargaining position regarding the Berlin question. After the missiles were discovered, Khrushchev initially maintained a hard line, expecting Kennedy to back down. However, as the President stood firm, Khrushchev reassessed the situation. Faced with the very real possibility of nuclear war, Khrushchev decided that “to save the world, we must retreat”. He agreed to withdraw the Soviet missiles, in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba and the President’s secret assurance that the U.S. would withdraw its Jupiter missiles from Turkey. As this American concession was not revealed publicly, the settlement was viewed by many as unfavourable to the USSR and hurt Khrushchev politically, contributing to his being ousted from power in 1964. Fidel Castro In January 1959 Fidel Castro’s revolutionary forces seized power. While the Cuban leader initially claimed this was not a communist revolution, a year later Cuba formally aligned itself with the Soviet Union. Relations with the United States deteriorated further in 1961 when the U.S. supported CIA-trained anti-Castro exiles in the Bay of Pigs invasion – a failed attempt to overthrow Castro and a major blow for President Kennedy. In this context, in the summer of 1962 Castro accepted the Soviet offer to install missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to a U.S. invasion. During the crisis Castro urged Khrushchev to defend Cuba and reject American demands to withdraw the missiles. On October 27, believing a U.S. attack was imminent, Castro urged Khrushchev to initiate a nuclear first strike. Castro was excluded from the negotiations and felt that, by agreeing to withdraw the missiles, the Soviets had betrayed Cuba.