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Harare Institute of Technology School of Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical and Process Systems Engineering Course Outline Course: Engineering Thermodynamics Course Code: ECP 216 Lecturer: Mr. F.M. Saziya Office: W5 Credits: 2 Contact Hours: 72 hours 1.0 Preamble Thermodynamics is a science which deals with the storage, transformation and transfer of energy. Energy is stored as potential energy (associated with position), internal energy (associated with temperature), kinetic energy (due to motion), and chemical energy (due to chemical composition). Thermodynamics is grounded in fundamental laws of conservation, however, it doesn’t address transient or rates of approach. Because of the nature of chemical and process systems engineering, many problems associated with environmental or biomedical sciences also use these basic principles. Because thermodynamics prescribes the limitations or extent of mass relationships it is fundamental in traditional engineering applications in separation methods such as stage equilibrium unit operations (distillation, absorption, liquid-liquid extraction etc.) as well as chemical reactors design. 1|Page 2.0 Course Objectives The course deals with properties of a simple pure compressible substance, equations of state, the first law of thermodynamics, internal energy, specific heats, enthalpy and the application of the first law to a system or a control volume. The study of the second law of thermodynamics is also discussed leading to the discovery of entropy as a property and its ramifications. Objectives of the course are: To introduce the student to the principles of classical thermodynamics as they apply to the physical and chemical processes. To cover applications of thermodynamics principles to gas and liquid mixtures, ideal solutions, and chemically reacting systems. To connect the principles, concepts and laws of classical thermodynamics to applications requiring quantitative knowledge of thermodynamics properties. 2.1 Course Outcomes The following outcomes are expected from the course: To be able to state the First Law and to define heat, work, thermal efficiency and the difference between various forms of energy and be able to identify and describe energy exchange processes (in terms of various forms of energy, heat and work) in process systems. To be able to explain how various heat engines work (e.g. a refrigerator, Rankine Cycle) To be able to apply the steady-flow energy equation or the First Law of Thermodynamics to a system of thermodynamic components (heaters, coolers, pumps, etc.) to estimate required balances of heat, work and energy flow. Students will be able to determine whether or not a process is possible based on the second law of thermodynamics. To be able to explain the concepts of path dependence/independence and reversibility/irreversibility of various thermodynamic processes, to represent these in terms of changes in thermodynamic state, and to cite examples of how these would impact the performance of chemical processes 2|Page To be able to apply ideal cycle analysis to simple heat engine cycles to estimate thermal efficiency and work as a function of pressures and temperatures at various points in the cycle. 3.0 Course Content Unit 3.1 Introduction – Content Thermodynamics Systems and the Control i. Concepts And Basic Principles 3.2 Properties Of Pure Substances Period Week 1 Volume. ii. Macroscopic Description iii. i. Properties Of State Of A System P-V-T ii. Ideal Gas Equation Of State iii. Equations Of State For Non-Ideal Gas 3.3 The First Law Of i. Internal Energy Thermodynamics ii. Formulation Of The First Law of Week 1 Week 2 &3 Thermodynamics iii. State Functions iv. Enthalpy v. Steady-State Flow Processes vi. Equilibrium vii. The Phase Rule i. Heat Capacity And Specific Heat Capacity ii. Heat Capacities Of Gases iii. Heat Capacities Of Solids And Liquids iv. Heat In Phase Changes v. Standard Heat Of Reactions vi. Standard Heat Of Formation vii. Standard Heat Of Combustion i. Statements Of The 2nd Law Of ii. Heat Engines And Heat Pumps Thermodynamics iii. Reversibility iv. Carnot Engine And Efficiency i. Entropy for Ideal Gases. ii. Entropy Changes And Irreversible Process iii. Entropy Balance for Closed Systems 3.4 Heat Effects 3.5 The Second Law 3.6 Entropy 3|Page Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 &7 iv. Entropy Balance for Open Systems v. Reversible Work, Irreversibility And Availability And Energy 3.7 Power Cycles i. Vapor Power Systems ii. Carnot Cycle iii. Rankine Cycle iv. Improving Week 8 Performance—Superheat and Reheat 3.8 Refrigeration i. Vapour Refrigeration On Cycle ii. Air Refrigeration Cycle iii. Choice Of Refrigeration iv. The Heat Pump 3.9 Thermodynamics i. Single Phase System Properties Of ii. Two Phase Systems Fluids iii. Thermodynamics Diagrams i. The Reaction Coordinate ii. Equilibrium Of Chemical Reaction iii. Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change And Cycles 3.10 Chemical Reaction Equilibria Week 10 & 11 The Equilibrium Constant iv. Equilibrium Conversions For Single Reactions v. Multi-Reaction Equilibrium vi. Combustion Systems 4.0 Course Teaching and Assessment The course will comprise the following taught components Teaching Method Lectures Tutorials Practicals and Industrial visits Time Allocated 36 hours 24 hours 12 hours Assessment will be done as follows Assessment Method Assignments Tests Practicals Final Examination Number 2 3 3 1 Contribution 5% 10% 25% 60% 4|Page Week 9 Week 12 5.0 Course Policy Students should be aware of the following: 1. Any student without theory coursework or practical coursework or both is not allowed to sit for the final exam 2. Any student who attends less than 80% of lectures, tutorial and practical classes is not qualified to enter into final examination 3. Students should be punctual for classes, latecomers may not be allowed 4. All assignments and practical reports should be submitted before the due date 5. All tests will be written after two topics. 6.0 Text Books 1. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, J.M. Smith and H.C. Van Ness, McGraw hill international-2005. 2. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2006. 3. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 8e Claus Borgnakke and Richard E. Sonntag, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013 7.0 References 1. The Principles of Chemical Equilibria with Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Denbigh, K., Cambridge University Press (1990) 2. Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics', Sandler, H.P., Prentice-Hall (1988) 5|Page