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Identify the construction of different types of Communications media :
Objectives:
Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to perform tasks related to the following:
3.1
Copper Media
3.2
Optical Media
3.3
Wireless Media
3.1 Copper Media:
Copper media nj Zvgvi Zv‡ii ˆZix GK cÖKv‡ii gva¨g| A_©¨vr †h KwgDwb‡Kkb
cÖwKªqvq Zvgvi ˆZix K¨vKj Gi mvnv‡h¨ GK GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b WvUv
UªvÝwgU Kiv hvq Zv‡K Copper Media e‡j| wb‡gœ wewfbœ ai‡bi Copper media Gi
D`vniY †`qv nj :
1.
1.
Coaxial Cable
2.
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable
3.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) BZ¨vw`|
Coaxial Cable:
Outer Jacket
Braided Copper Shielding
Copper Conductor
Plastic Insulation
BNC Connector
-
Speed and throughput 10-100 Mbps
-
Cost: Inexpensive
-
Media and connector size: Medium
-
Maximum cable length: 500m
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2.
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable
Jacket
3.
Braided Shield
Foil Shield
Twisted Pairs
-
Speed and throughput: 0-100 Mbps
-
Cost: Moderate
-
Media and connector size: Medium to Large
-
Maximum cable length: 100m
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Twisted Pair
Outer Jacket
Color-Coded plastic
Insulation
-
Speed and throughput: 10-100-1000 Mbps (depending on the
quality/category of cable).
Cost: Least Expensive.
Media and connector size: Small.
Maximum cable length: 100m.
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3.2 Optical Media:
‡h UªvÝwgkb cÖwµqvq dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji mvnv‡h¨ WvUv UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K
Optical Media e‡j| GB K¨ve‡j Kv‡Pi ˆZix Zš‘y w`‡q Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †jRvi iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ DcvË
¯’vbvš—i Kiv nq| Gi ïi“‡Z Electrical to light Ges †kl cÖv‡š— -i GKwU Light to energy converter
e¨envi Kiv nq|
Cladding
Core
Multimode
Single-mode
Requires very straight path
Multiple paths-sloppy
Coating
Polymeric Coating
Glass Core = 8.3 to 10
microns
Glass Core 50 or 62.5
microns
Glass Cladding 125 microns dia.
Glass Cladding 125 microns dia.
 Small core
 Larger core than single-mode
 Less dispersion
cable (50 or 62.5 microns or
 Suited for long distance
greater)
applications ( up to -3km, 9,840 ft)
 Uses lasers as the light source often
within campus backbones for
 Allows greater dispersion and
therefore, loss of signal
 Used for long distance application,
distances of several thousand
but shorter than single-mode ( up
meters.
to -2km, 6,560 ft)
 Uses LEDs as the light source
often within LANs or distances of
a couple hundred meters within a
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campus network.
3.3 Wireless Media :
a) Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves that travel through the air. Wireless
networks use radio frequency (RF), laser, infrared (IR), satellite, or microwaves to
carry signals.
b) The two most common wireless technologies used for networking are IR and RF.
IR: Workstations and digital devices must be in the line of sight of the transmitter.
IF: Technology allows devices to be in different rooms or buildings.
Access points
(transceivers)
Server
Work station
Laptop
Radio tower
Such as:
1. Inferred Transmission media
2. Laser Transmission media
3. Narrow band radio Transmission media
4. Spread Spectrum radio Transmission media
5. Microwave Transmission media
6. Satellite Microwave Transmission media
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Identify the Construction and layout of Modem and Hub:
Modem :
A modem, or modulator-demodulator, is a device that provides the computer with connectivity
to a telephone line. The modem converts (modulates) the data from a digital signal to an analog signal
that is compatible with a standard phone line. The modem at the receiving end demodulates the signal,
which converts is back to digital, Modems may be installed internally or attached externally to the
computer using a serial or USB interface.
Hub :
Hubs concentrate connections. In other words, they take a group of hosts and allow the network to
see them as a single unit. This is done passively, without any other effect on the data transmission.
Active hubs not only concentrate hosts, but they also regenerate signals.
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Identify the physical layout of the Computer Network
Computer Network Topology
What is Network Topology?
The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other
peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used
to pass information between workstations. Logical topology was discussed in the protocol chapter.
Main Types of Network Topologies
I networking, the term “topology” refers to the layout of connected devices on a network. This article
introduces the standard topologies of computer networking.
One can think of a topology as a network’s virtual shape or structure. This shape does not necessarily
correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the network. For example, the computers on a
home LAN may be arranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find an
actual ring topology there.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Bus Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
Physical Topologies
Bus Topology
Extended Star
Topology
Ring Topology
Hierarchical
Topology
Star Topology
Mesh Topology
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Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point
called a “Hub” that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any
star network cable will only take down one computer’s network access and not the entire LAN. (If the
hub fails, however the entire network also fails.)
See the illustration of Star Network Topology
Advantages of a Star Topology:
 Easy to install and wire.
 No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology:
 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.
The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or Local Talk. Token Ring uses a similar
topology, called the star-wired ring.
Star-Wired Ring
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A star-wired rig topology may appear (externally) to be the same as a star topology. Internally, the MAU of a
star-wired ring contains wiring that allows information to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring (See
fig. 3). The Token Ring protocol uses a star-wired ring topology.
Ring Topology :
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All
messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either “clockwise”). A failure in any cable or
device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.
To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring technology. Ring
topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
See the illustration of Ring Topology
Ring
Bus Topology
Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone
to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared communication medium that
devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another
device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the
intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don’t require much cabling compared to
the alternatives. 10Base-2 (“Thin Net”) and 10Base-5 (“Thick Net”) both were popular Ethernet cabling
options many years age for bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of
devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance problems will
likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable.
See the illustration of Bus Topology
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Advantages of Linear Bus Topology
 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
 Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable
 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
 Not meant to be sued as a stand-alone solution in a large building.
Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form, only
hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the “root” of a tree of devices.
This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus
(limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star (limited by the
number of hub connection points) alone.
See the illustration of Tree Network Topology
Advantages of Tree Topology
 Point-to-Point wiring of individual segments.
 Supported by several hardware and software venders.
Disadvantages of a Tree Topology
 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
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 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
Mesh Topology
Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous topologies, messages
sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from source3 to destination. (Recall that
even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, massages can only travel in one direction.) Some WANs.
most notable the Internet, employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every is called a full mesh. As shown in the
illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to
others.
See the illustration of Mesh Network Topology
Hybrid Topology
A combination of any two or more network topologies.
Note:
1. Instances can occur where two basic network topologies, when connected together, can still
retain the basic network character, and therefore not be a hybrid network accrues only when
two basic networks are connected and the resulting network topology fails to meet one of the
basic topology definitions. For example, two star networks connected together exhibit hybrid
network topologies.
Hybrid Topology
2. A hybrid topology always accrues when two different basic network topologies are connected.
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5
Data Communication and Computer Network-1
Index
EXP
Page
Identify the construction of different types of Communication Media.
Identify the construction and layout of Modem and Hub.
Identify the physical layout the Computer Network.
Name
: Mahmudul hasan lemon
Roll No
: (314818)
Reg. No
: (975451)
Technology
: Computer
Semester
: 6th
Shift
: 1st
1-4
5
6-10
Remarks:
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