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Integration of the Urinary System Integration of Systems The urinary system is responsible for only a part of our body’s ability to exchange material with the environment. It is not the only excretory system in the body. Several other organs, tissues, and processes are also involved in excretion. These structures temporarily store wastes, transport them for removal, or excrete the wastes and excess materials from the body. Excretory Organs Organ System Organ Major Excretory Function Digestive Large intestine Defecation removes solid waste and some water Integumentary Skin/sweat glands Remove water, salts, other wastes Respiratory Lungs Remove carbon dioxide Urinary Kidneys Remove wastes and excess substances from blood The digestive system participates in waste removal in two ways. First, the liver detoxifies some substances. One example is the conversion of ammonia into urea. The large intestine is also considered an excretory organ. It eliminates a number of substances through defecation, including undigested food, water, carbon dioxide, water, salts, cholesterol and heat. The respiratory system may seem like an unlikely waste remover, but when we exhale, the lungs excrete carbon dioxide and also rid the body of heat and some water vapor. Finally, the sweat glands in the skin are important excretory structures. They help dispose of excess water, heat, and carbon dioxide, as well as small amounts of salts and urea. Integrations of Body Systems The kidneys are critical organs because they regulate blood volume and blood pressure. These organs perform this regulatory role by altering the amount of water that is eliminated in urine, as well as by releasing the chemicals renin and erythropoietin. When blood pressure drops, the kidneys secrete renin, which is both a hormone and an enzyme. Renin activates a hormonal pathway that increases blood pressure. When oxygen levels in body tissues decrease, the kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells. The kidneys regulate ion concentrations in blood plasma by returning some ions to the bloodstream and by excreting excess ions in urine. They control blood pH by adjusting the amount of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions that are reabsorbed or secreted in urine. The kidneys also reclaim valuable nutrients from the filtrate and return them to the systemic circulation. The urinary system also affects all other body systems, whether directly or indirectly. Interactions Between the Urinary System and Other Body Systems Body System Urinary Interaction System Effects All Systems Eliminates metabolic wastes· Controls volume, pH, Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and composition of and acid-base balances body fluids· Homeostasis Cardiovascular Kidneys increase/decrease reabsorption of water filtered from blood· Cells in kidneys release renin when blood pressure decreases Digestive Kidneys help Calcitrol is necessary synthesize calcitriol, the for the absorption of active form of vitamin D dietary calcium synthesized in the liver Helps regulate blood volume and blood pressure· Reninangiotensinaldosterone systemincreases blood pressure Endocrine Kidneys help synthesize Calcitriol is an calcitriol· Kidneys release endocrine hormone erythropoietin that promotes bone reabsorption· Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production Integumentary (skin) Kidneys work with skin to Calcitriol is necessary synthesize calcitriol· Kidneys for the absorption of maintain fluid balance dietary calcium· Fluid balance necessary for perspiration Lymphatic/ immune Kidneys increase/decrease Helps regulate volume reabsorption of water filtered of lymph and from blood interstitial fluid Muscular Kidneys help regulate Calcium and calcium and phosphate levels phosphate balance in blood important for muscular contractions Nervous Kidneys are responsible Glucose is necessary forgluconeogenesis for the production of adenosine triphosphate in neurons Reproductive Urethra is dual passageway in males· In pregnant women, urinary system eliminates wastes for mother and fetus Respiratory Kidneys work with lungs to Prevent abnormal adjust pH of body fluids function of enzymatic Allows passage and direction of sperm· Eliminates metabolic wastes of fetus pathways Skeletal Kidneys help regulate Calcium calcium and phosphate levels phosphates in blood essential for deposition and are bone