Download Chapter Three: Evolutionary Genetics

ANTH205/Biological Anthropology
Evolutionary Genetics
 The Cell:
1) The Nucleus
2) The Cytoplasm
1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• The Cell
1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)=> Nucleotides (Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Guanine)
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• The Cell
1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)=> Nucleotides (Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Guanine)
=> Codon (3 nucleotides)
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• The Cell
1) The Nucleus =>Chromosomes=>Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)=> Nucleotides (Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Guanine)
=> Codon (3 nucleotides)=> Gene (alleles)
 A Coding Gene is that portion of the DNA molecule that carries
the codon sequence for a particular protein.
 A codon represents an amino acid
Feature
base
codon
gene
Analogue
letter
word
sentence
Meaning
amino acid
protein
 None Coding Genes
-Switch Genes
-Body Plan Genes
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From Genotype to Phenotype
 Genotype: The alleles possessed by an organism.
 Phenotype: The chemical or physical results of the genetic code.
 From Gene to Trait
 Combinations of alleles give us genotypes.
 These genotypes code for traits.
 The observable traits are the phenotypes.
From Genotype to Phenotype
 Protein Synthesis
 The process by which the genetic code puts together proteins in the
cell.
1) Transcription
 The process during which messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed from the
DNA code in the nucleus.
Basic
Detailed
2) Translation
 The process during which the mRNA code builds a protein using amino
acids supplied by transfer RNA (tRNA) in the cytoplasm.
Basic Detailed
From Generation to Generation
Gametes Production
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two
exact copies of the original cell.
Meiosis
The process of cell division in which gametes are
produced.
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From Generation to Generation
Gametes Production
Mitosis
Meiosis
3-8
The Processes of Evolution
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The Processes of Evolution
 Gene Flow: Mixing Populations’ Genes
 When members of different breeding populations interbreed,
new genetic combinations are produced in the offspring.
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The Processes of Evolution
 Genetic Drift: Random Evolution
 Fission, the founder effect, and gene flow are particularly
important in the evolution of our species.
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The Processes of Evolution
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The Processes of Evolution
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The Origin of Species and The
Shape of Evolution
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The Origin of Species and The
Shape of Evolution
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A Brief Evolutionary Timetable
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A Brief Evolutionary Timetable
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A Brief Evolutionary Timetable
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Linnaean Taxonomy
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The Primate
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The Primate
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The Primate
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The Primates
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The Primates
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The Primates
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The Primates
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The Primates
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Studying the Human Past
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Studying the Human Past
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Studying the Human Past
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Studying the Human Past
 Old Bones: Locating, Recovering and Dating fossils
 A fossil is a priceless treasure, and finding one is an uncommon
event.
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Studying the Human Past
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Evolution of the Hominins
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The Evolution of Genus Homo
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Lomekwi 3 3.3 mya
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The Evolution of Genus Homo
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The Debate over Modern Human Origins
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The Debate over Modern Human Origins
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