Download The importance of phytosanitary collections

The Importance of Fytosanitary
Collections
Dr. Peter Bonants, Plant Research International
Ir. Mariette Edema, Plant Protection Service
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Introduction
 Plant Research International
 Wageningen University & Research Centre
 Netherlands
 Identification & detection: molecular methods
 Quarantine plantpathogenic species
Introduction
Increase damaging plant pests and diseases:
• Expanding globalisation of trade in plant material,
• Climate change,
• EU expansion creating new borders and pathway
• Increasing regulation harmful organisms,
• Decline in the resources supporting plant health
activities on national and european level.
The Netherlands entry point for Europe:
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
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Rotterdam: main harbour
Amsterdam Schiphol: main airport
Aalsmeer: main auction
In- and Export of goods:
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Agricultural products




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

Flowers
Flower bulbs
Seed potatoes
Trees
Plants
Seedlings
Vegetables
Expansion of the EU
• European Union
• 1952: 6 countries
• 1973: 9 countries
• 1995: 15 countries
• 2004: 25 countries
• 2011: 27 countries
Climate change: Global warming

Emerging Pathogens

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Introduction of new pests
Survival
Spread
Suppress native population
Decline in taxonomic / fytosanitary
experience
• Retirement of specialists
• No new students in taxonomy and
phytopathology
• Not sexy
• Decline in resources for projects
Agricultural products in danger
Phytophthora ramorum
Targets Quarantine
 Which?

Fungi
 Arthropods

Bacteria

Nematodes

Viruses

Phytoplasmas
Anoplophora chinensis
Xanthomonas fragariae
Pinewood nematode
 Council Directive 2000/29/EC
 EPPO list A1 and A2
Phytoplasm
Polerovirus
Importance Fytosanitary Regulations:
• Food security / Sustainable food production
• Biodiversity
• Economic trade
Phytosanitary Regulations:
• ICPP : International Plant Protection Convention
(1997)
•
Countries allowed to apply import permission
•
Countries obliged to establish NPPO’s
•
Phytosanitary standards (ISPMs)
• Europe
•
EU Directive 2000/29
•
Approx. 300 harmful organisms: A1/A2
•
PFC: Permanent Phytosanitary Commitee
•
EPPO: > 50 countries
Fytosanitary Collections, important for:
• Studying Biodiversity
• Studying Evolution
• Studying Taxonomy
Collections are also extremely important as source for
taxonomic studies and development of detection- and
identification methods for harmful organisms.
• Reference material within these collections
For controls and for the calibration of for example
equipment and media.
Collections can contain:
• living material: bacteria, fungi
• dead material: insects, nematodes
• tissue cultures
• whole plants (viruses, phytoplasmas)
• genetic material (DNA/RNA)
Fytosanitary collections
• Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes, Insects, Viruses /
Viroids, Phytoplasmas
• Correctly identified by taxonomic experts
• Material available for reference (NRC, NPPO)
• DNA/RNA available
• ISO certification
• Funding
• Collaboration
Future Collections
• Optimal long-term use of collection material
• Good management and maintenance is
essential
• Material should be correctly identified
• Latest insights on the name placed material
should be preserved
• Equipment should also be easily accessible,
retrievable and interchangeable
Collections
• ECCO: europe
• WFCC: world
• Mainly focussing on bacteria, fungi
• No nematodes, insects, phytoplasmas,
viruses
• Project Q-collect: phytosanitary collections
Databases
• Current databases of molecular data are
incomplete and have erroneous data;
coordinated action
across the research
infrastructure using
authenticated strains will
ensure our future ability
to identify and utilise
new species.
DNA barcode identification
www.qbol.org
Q-bank (www.q-bank.eu)
• A dynamic open-access database of regulated plant
pests and look-alikes,
• Linked to curated and publicly accessible reference
collections,
• The database contains sequence data,
morphological data including photographs,
nomenclatural and
diagnostic data,
• The reference collections comprise voucher
specimens,
tissue and whole genome amplified
DNA/RNA samples.
Data-Curatorium
Insects
Data-Curatorium
Viruses
phytopathology
Data-Curatorium
Fungi
Steering
Committee
Coordinator
Data-Curatorium
Bacteria
Data-Curatorium
Nematodes
Administrator
Data-Curatorium
Phytoplasma's
Data-Curatorium
Invasive plants
www.q-bank.eu
taxonomy
collections
Who contributed to Q-bank ?
Dpt. Entomology
Zoological Museum Amsterdam
nVWA-NRC Entomology
Dpt. Entomology
Dpt. Biosystematics
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
Who contributed to Q-bank ?
120.000
570.000
6.000.000
Zoological Museum
8.000.000
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
Establish a Phytosanitary Reference Collection
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Databases in specimens and species : windows and web
Overview phytosanitary reference material in collections
 (Q-species and their look-alikes)
Complementing reference collections
Develop a DNA-protocol, pictures for incoming samples
Link between reference material, sequences, collection data
Link between reference material and species information
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
What has been included so far:
Groep
Orde
Coleoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Eindtotaal
Collectie
WU-Ent PPSNL
ZMA
Naturalis Totaal
105
463
97
2077
2742
128
466
2015
1370
3979
2
73
75
35
97
132
34
127
345
484
990
304
1056
2457
4101
7918
collection records Q organisms and Look-a-Likes
- ID presence, + collection data, + photo’s, + tissue, + sequences
- ~ 1000 collection & sequences available
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
WP3 leader: Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA)
WP3: Arthropods
 Which?
1.
Number of species (198), multiple target crops
(Agriculture also forests, ornamentals etc.)
2.
Example : Diabrotica spp. on Maize
3.
Billion $ cost in US, introduced in Europe
4.
Pesticide use (20 to 25 million acres in US) 
indirect costs hardly estimated
5.
Species complex (i.e. Ips, Gonipterus, Epitrix,
Bemisia globaly poorly known)
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
Specimen table
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
Links to other databases
Tephritidae
Q-bank Slagelse 20110330
Necessary for fytosanitary collections:
 Well characterized isolates: collections

also from country of origin
 Technological infrastructure
 Knowledge of plant pathogens:
phytopathology
 Taxonomy
 Sampling, Identification, Detection technology
 International contacts: collaboration
Acknowledgements:
 Curators Q-bank:

fungi: Ewald Groenewald, Marcel van Raaij

bacteria: Martine Maes, Paul de Vos, Maria Bergsma

viruses: Rene vd Vlugt, Neil Boonham, Annelien
Roenhorst,
Stephan Winter

nematodes: Sebastian Kiewnick, Evelyn van Heese,
Johan
Hallmann

insects: Jean-Yves Rasplus, Antoon Loomans

phytoplasmas: Assunta Bertaccini, Mogens Nicolaisen
Request for collaboration:
Plant pathogens:
Insects, Fungi, Bacteria, Nematodes, Viruses, Phytoplasmas
www.q-bank.eu
www.qbol.org
© Wageningen
UR
[email protected]
Thank you for your attention
© Wageningen UR
Greetings from Holland