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WHAT IS OIL? Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil) Crude oil is a black, dark brown or greenish liquid found in porous rock formations in the earth. The American Petroleum Institute, in its Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), defines it as "a BUTANE substance, generally liquid, occurring naturally in the earth and composed mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen." CMT Laboratory WHERE DOES OIL COME FROM? Biogenic Theory Most geologists view crude oil, like coal and natural gas, as the product of compression and heating of ancient organic materials over geological time. Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the alkane series, but may vary much in appearance and composition. An Oil Rig (Left), a typical oil reservoir (Right). CMT Laboratory WHAT IS POROSITY? Oil is found in small pores of sedimentary rocks. (Limestones, Sandstones) A pore, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small. Pores can be found on many organisms, such as in plants, animals, and humans. In geology, pores refer to the open space within a rock. Porosity [%] = Pore Volume / Total Rock Volume Thin section images of porous media. CMT Laboratory WHAT IS PERMEABILITY? In geology, permeability is a measure of the ability of a material (typically, a rock or unconsolidated alluvial material) to transmit fluids through it. It is of great importance in determining the flow characteristics of hydrocarbons in oil and gas reservoirs, and of groundwater in aquifers. The usual unit for permeability is the Darcy, or more commonly the milli-darcy or md (1 darcy 10−12m²). Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy (June 10, 1803 - January 3, 1858) The darcy is defined using Darcy's Law which can be written as: κ is the permeability of a medium v is the superficial (or bulk) fluid flow rate through the medium μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid ΔP is the applied pressure difference Δx is the thickness of the medium CMT Laboratory HOW DO WE PRODUCE OIL? A drilling rig is a structure housing equipment used to drill for water, oil, natural gas from underground reservoirs or to obtain mineral core samples. First Oil Well in Titusville PA, by Colonel Drake, 1879 Elements of an Oil Rig CMT Laboratory WHERE DO WE PROCESS OIL? An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into useful petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Products of an Oil Refinery • • • • • Kerosene Asphalt • Tar • Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) Diesel fuel • Lubricating oils Fuel oils • Paraffin wax Gasoline View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California Distillation Tower CMT Laboratory HOW DO WE TRANSPORT OIL? Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used. As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most important are those transporting oil and natural gas. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs"). An elevated section of the Alaska Pipeline. A pig image Turkey section of BTC Crude Oil Pipeline. CMT Laboratory