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Fibrinogen Fibrinogen was first isolated from horse plasma by Hammarsten in 1876, although an inactive precursor to fibrin was proposed to exist as early as 1859 by Deni de Commercy. Fibrinogen is a large, complex glycoprotein composed of three pairs of polypeptides: two A, two B, and two . These polypeptides are linked together by 29 disulphide bonds. Bound calcium ions are important to help maintain the structure of fibrinogen. It is a 340 KDa glycoprotein synthesised in the liver by hepatocytes. It is a plasma glycoprotein and is essential for haemostasis (stopping blood loss from damaged tissues), wound healing, fibrinolysis, inflammation, angiogenesis, cellular and matrix interactions, and neoplasia. These processes involve the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. People usually carry about 2.5g fibrinogen/L of blood, however, concentrations of fibrogen can increase by as much as 200-400% during times of physiological stress Mutational changes in any of the three genes (FGA, FGB, and FGG) that encode the three fibrinogen polypeptides (Aa, Bb and g) can result in structural changes in fibrinogen that can affect its properties, such as its ability to form clots. Dysfibrinogenaemia can lead to abnormal clotting, increased bleeding and wound splitting. The pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae is responsible for causing pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in newborns, as well as cellulitis, arthritis, urinary tract infections, and endocarditis in immune-compromised adults. These bacteria carry a receptor, FbsA, which is capable of binding to fibrinogen. Atherosclerosis is the clogging, narrowing and hardening of the arteries, which can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems and kidney problems. Atherosclerosis is characterised by the deposition of plaques, which consist of hydrophobic lipids, macrophages, smooth muscle cells and proteins beneath the endothelial lining of large arteries. Plaques also appear to contain fibrin and its degradation products, which may be involved in the growth and development of plaques, possibly through its role in inflammation. As a result, high levels of blood fibrinogen may be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen molecule.