Download 18.2 Nicolas Steno

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18.2 Nicolas Steno
18.2
Nicolas Steno was a keen observer of nature at a time when many scientists were content to learn
about the world by reading books. Through dissection, Steno made important advances in the field of medicine.
Later he applied his observational skills to the field of geology, identifying three important principles that
geologists still use to determine the order in which geological events occurred.
Steno’s childhood
Nicolas Steno was born in
1638 in Copenhagen,
Denmark. He became ill at age
three and spent most of his
time indoors until age six. He
saw few children, but spent
time listening to adults discuss
religion. Religion later
became an important part of
his life.
Steno, the son of a goldsmith,
had skillful hands like his father. However, his skill
was not in making jewelry. He was an expert in
dissecting animals to learn about anatomy. He was
fascinated by the structure of living things.
The young scientist
When Nicolas was not yet ten years old, his father
died. He spent his teen years living in Copenhagen
with a half-sister and her husband. Steno was smart,
curious, and a good listener. He gained the attention of
two scholars in Copenhagen.
The first scholar, Ole Borch, welcomed Steno into his
alchemy laboratory. There, Steno watched as
sediments settled out of liquid solutions. He thought it
was interesting that even when the bottom of the jar
was bumpy, the sediments formed a smooth horizontal
layer on top of the bumpy surface.
Thomas Bartholin, a famous anatomist from the
University of Copenhagen, also mentored Steno.
Perhaps through this friendship, Steno developed a
keen interest in dissection and anatomy. In 1660, he
left Denmark to study medicine at the University of
Leiden in the Netherlands. There, through careful
dissection of mammals, he made discoveries related to
glands, ducts, the heart, brain, and muscles.
A shark’s tooth unlocks a mystery
In 1665, Steno moved to Italy. The following year,
fishermen there captured a great white shark. The
Italian Duke Ferdinand sent the head to Steno for
dissection. Steno carefully observed the shark’s teeth.
They looked like glossopetrae or “tongue stones,”
common stony items found inside rocks.
While we now know that these tongue stones are
fossilized remains of living things, in Steno’s time
many people believed tongue stones either grew inside
rocks, fell from the sky, or even fell from the Moon.
Steno suggested a different explanation for the tongue
stones. He said they had once been actual shark teeth!
Then Steno started to think about how a solid object,
like a shark tooth, could get inside another solid
object, like a rock.
Three important principles
Based on his work, Steno came up with three
important principles of geology.
•
The principle of superposition says that layers of
sediment settle on top of each other. The oldest layers
are on the bottom and the more recent layers are on
top.
•
The principle of original horizontality says that
sedimentary rock layers form in horizontal patterns,
even if they form on a bumpy surface.
•
The principle of lateral continuity says that sediment
layers spread out until they reach something that stops
the spreading.
Steno explained that the shark teeth had been in soft
sediment that eventually hardened into a layer of rock.
Steno used his principles to write a book about the
geology of a region of Italy called Tuscany. Even
today, geologists use Steno’s principles to determine
the order in which geologic events occurred.
Father Steno
In 1675, Steno gave up science to become a priest. He
died in 1686 at the age of 48. In 1988, Pope John Paul
II beatified Steno, the first step in the process of
naming someone a saint. Today, the Steno Museum in
Denmark and craters on both Mars and the Moon bear
his name.
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Reading reflection
18.2
1.
Name and briefly describe the three important principles of geology developed by Steno.
2.
How did most people in the 1600s explain the origin of fossils?
3.
How did Steno explain the existence of tongue stones or shark teeth in rocks?
4.
How did Steno’s medical background and skills help him with his geological discoveries?
5.
Observing is very important in science. What things do you like to observe? What have you learned through
observation?
6.
Research: Steno’s father was a goldsmith and one of his teachers was interested in alchemy. What does a
goldsmith do? What is alchemy? How could these two fields have been helpful to Steno’s work?