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Follow up on Implementation of Outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Highlights from the Fourth Issue of the Sustainable Development Report on Africa An ECA Presentation at the Seventh Session of the Committee on Food Security and Sustainable Development (CFSSD-7) and the Africa Regional Preparatory Conference for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 October 2011 Scope of the report Provide an integrated assessment of progress and achievements towards sustainable development in the region based on indicators that: Capture most pressing issues in Africa Cover economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development Analyse and showcase the contribution of forests, biodiversity, biotechnology, tourism and mountains to sustainable growth and development Submitted to CFSSD7 to provide synopsis and elicit comments for finalisation of the 4th issue of the Sustainable Development Report on Africa Review of trends and progress towards sustainable development Based on integrated indicator set covering: 1. Governance for sustainable development 2. Poverty 3. Demographic change 4. Economic transformation 5. Gender and social equity 6. Education, training and culture 7. Health and Nutrition 8. Food security and agriculture 9. The natural resource base 10.Energy 11.Climate Change 12.Natural and man made disasters 13.Global Partnership for development Poverty Overarching priority for Africa is poverty eradication • Significant progress has been made, but the economic crisis has led to a worsening of the situation in 2008 (% of population living below USD 1.25/day 52.8% in 2008) • Important to follow changes – structural or temporary impact of the crisis Percentage of people living on less than US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, 2005) 58.3 57.5 60 50.9 50 41.6 1990 40 1999 25.2 30 20 4.5 10 4.4 2.6 0 Sub-Saharan Africa Northern Africa World 2005 Economic transformation Annual percentage growth rate of GDP, 2009 and 2010 Adjusted net saving excluding PM10 damage, 2000 and 2008 Africa has experienced high growth rate of GDP but this masks: Botswana Malawi Algeria Cape Verde Rwanda Morocco Lesotho GuineaKenya Namibia Ethiopia Mauritius Swaziland Tunisia Madagascar Comoros Gambia, The Gabon Uganda Egypt, Arab Cote d'Ivoire Sierra Leone Zambia Congo, South Africa Central Mozambique Seychelles Ghana Guinea Sudan Equatorial Angola Chad Congo, Rep. • Significant differences across countries • Unsustainability of the economy -80.00 -60.00 -40.00 -20.00 2000 0.00 2008 20.00 40.00 60.00 Ethiopia Burkina Faso Zimbabwe Niger Congo, Rep. Nigeria Zambia Rwanda Mozambique Congo, Dem. Rep. Botswana Malawi Tanzania Ghana Seychelles Gabon Liberia Cape Verde Kenya Uganda Egypt, Arab Rep. Mauritania Gambia, The Sierra Leone Namibia Sudan Sao Tome and Principe Mali Chad Senegal Mauritius Burundi Tunisia Guinea-Bissau Togo Morocco Lesotho Central African Republic Cote d'Ivoire Benin Algeria South Africa Cameroon Angola Eritrea Comoros Guinea Madagascar Swaziland Equatorial Guinea -10 -5 0 2009 5 2010 10 15 Gender and Social Equity Agriculture still accounts for more than half of employment of women, and the percentage of women employees in the sector is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. Youth unemployment rate in 2010 fell both in Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa – but remains very high • The fact that 23.6% of economically active young people in Northern Africa were unemployed in 2010 is alarming. • Specific measures needed to develop the right skills, also taking into account the transition to green economy. Energy • Yet access remains limited, in particular in SSA, with significant urban-rural divide • More efforts needed to bridge the gap Electrification Rate in 2009 Percentage Access to energy as a precondition for development 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Africa North Africa Total SubSaharan Africa Urban Rural World Climate Change Africa remains the least contributor of greenhouse gas emissions per capita • Yet emissions are on average growing • And Africa is already affected by climate change Climate change can offer opportunities to Africa • Through a reformed Clean Development Mechanism • Through technology transfer CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 1990 2 2000 1.5 2005 1 0.5 0 Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Southern Africa Africa Western Africa Africa World Thematic review Forests in Africa Africa’s forests fundamental for poverty reduction • For instance, in central Africa hunting provides between 3080% of overall protein intake, with a value of bush meat trade ranging from USD42-205m/y Annual change rate (%) 0 -0.2 While deforestation and degradation continue, significant progress has been made in Africa -0.4 -0.6 1990-2000 2000–2010 -0.8 -1 -1.2 • Significant increase in forest areas under Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) – e.g. about 1% has received Forest Stewardship Council certification • Significant international support – e.g. REDD+ Central Africa East Africa North Southern Africa Africa West Africa Total Africa World Biodiversity Biodiversity plays a vital role for livelihoods. Six out of the 25 world biodiversity hotspots are in Africa • ¼ of the world’s mammal species and more than 1/5 of the bird species occur in Africa Yet, biodiversity continues to be lost, mostly through: • Habitat loss, climate change, invasive alien species, unsustainable use Efforts to protect biodiversity are being stepped up: • 53 Countries have National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans • More than 85% of African countries parties to the Biological Diverstiy Convention have developed new legislation • Protected areas continue to increase – by 2010, protected areas have increase to 15.7% for terrestrial and 4.9% for marine Biotechnology Biotechnology, in particular for agriculture, can play a crucial role for food security • Focusing on plant production, livestock, and food technologies The priority for biotechnology in Africa remains in the agricultural sector However, biotechnology has so far failed to take root in Africa due to a number of constraints: • Lack of infrastructures • Lack of a conducive environment (legislative and market) • Inadequate funding • Limited public and private investment Tourism Fastest growing sectors in Africa (growing by 7% over last ten years) Important source of income, but is also an opportunity for: • Promoting local culture • Improve local infrastructure for local population as well as for tourists Tourism in Africa heavily dependent on natural resources: • Lake Naivasha in Kenya supports more than 300 bird species and is a major tourist destination • The Okavango Delta in Southern Africa is estimated to generate more than USD 145m (2.6% of Botswana’s GNP) Sustainable tourism must be an integral component of community development through: • Effective management of cultural heritage • Establishment of codes of conduct • Integrating community based resource management Mountains ecosystems Mountains perform a wide range of ecosystem functions, e.g. • Many rivers generate from mountains • Hydroelectric power generation opportunities • Important centres of biological diversity and cultural heritage A number of initiatives for sustainable mountains management have been launched in the region, e.g. : • Biodiversity conservation • Climate change • Watershed management and desertification (e.g. Morocco Outat Watershed Project) • Payment for environmental services • Indigenous people • Tourism Conclusions Conflicts, insufficient investment, limited market access and supply side constraints, declining levels of ODA, HIV/AIDS, have hampered Africa’ s efforts towards sustainable development Economic growth has happened at the expense of the natural resource base, while not bringing about the desired social improvements This notwithstanding, significant progress has been made. To capitalise on this: • Need to focus on new strategies for development planning and implementation • Sustainable development strategies must harness the three pillars of sustainable development in an integrated manner, with a focus on the overarching need for good governance Conclusions ctd Forests • SFM should be integrated in development plans, taking into account community needs • Large scale commercial logging operations should abide to SFM principles, while at the same time engaging more SME • Regular resource assessments are needed Biodiversity • Biodiversity considerations should be mainstreamed in national and sectoral plans ensure sustainable use • Direct pressures on biodiversity must be addressed (e.g. population, habitat loss,…) • The Strategic Plan adopted by COP10 in Nagoya offers an excellent opportunity to strengthen the sustainable management of biodiversity Conclusions ctd Biotechnology • Promote Africa-focused biotechnology research on virus free planting material, bio-processing and value addition, genetic engineering • Enhance human resources, infrastructure and financial capabilities Tourism • Promote Sustainable Tourism Development, drawing on the continent’s natural assets and culture, to benefit also remote locations Mountains • Integrated strategies to manage mountains are required, integrating socio-economic, legislative, institutional and technical issues Thank You [email protected]